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Blood samples were collected during the animals\u2019 annual health inspections, conducted by licensed veterinarians. Prior to sample collection, written informed consent was obtained from each animal\u2019s owner. The Egyptian Holstein Friesian blood sampling was done based on animal welfare guidelines of Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, Cairo University (CU-IACUC) which approved this protocol under number CUIIF720. In Finland, animal handling procedures and sample collections were performed in accordance with the legislation approved by Regional State Administrative Agency for Southern Finland (ESAVI\/31854\/2019). In South Africa, sampling of blood and hair was performed with the approval of the Animal Ethics Committee of the Agricultural Research Council (APAEC [2020\/17]), according to guidelines for the proper handling of animals during sample collection. In Uganda, the study was approved under Approval No: SBLS\/HDRC\/20\/001 by the Research and Ethics Committee of the College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"615"}}