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A better understanding of all elements involved in participation and attrition phenomena in particular settings is needed to develop effective retention strategies. The study aimed to achieve an in-depth understanding of participant retention in longitudinal cohorts focusing on participants\u2019 and researcher\u2019s perspectives, across three diverse socio-geographic and cultural settings.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study used a triangulation of multi-situated methods to collect data on cohort studies of children born with less than 32\u2009weeks of gestation in Denmark, Italy and Portugal. It included focus groups and individual semi-driven interviewing with involved key actors (i.e. parents, staff, healthcare professionals, researchers) and a collaborative visual methodology. A purposive sample of 48 key actors (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200913 in Denmark; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200913 in Italy; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200922 in Portugal) was collected. A triangulation of phenomenological thematic analysis with discourse analysis was applied. Cross-contextual and context-specific situational elements involved in participation and attrition phenomena in these child cohorts were identified at various levels and stages.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Main findings included: situational challenges affecting potential and range of possibilities for implementation strategies (geopolitical environment, societal changes, research funding models); situational elements related to particular strategies acting as deterrents (postal questionnaires) and facilitators (multiple flexible strategies, reminders, regular interaction); main motivations to enrol and participate (altruism\/solidarity and gratitude\/sense of duty to reciprocate); main motivational deterrents to participate to follow-up waves (lack of bonding, insufficient feedback); entanglement of clinical and research follow-up as facilitator and deterrent.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The multi-situated approach used, addressing the interplay of the lived experience of individuals, was of most value to understand participation variability under different implemented strategies in-context. Cross-contextual and context-specific situational elements that have been influential factors towards participation and attrition in the cohorts were identified.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-020-01206-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,12]],"date-time":"2021-01-12T04:00:05Z","timestamp":1610424005000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Understanding participation in European cohort studies of preterm children: the views of parents, healthcare professionals and researchers"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"name":"on behalf of RECAP Preterm-WP6 QS Work Group","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sandra C. 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Consent to participate was obtained by all participants through explicit written consents according to the data protection policy of the General Data Protection Regulation [(EU) Regulation 2016\/67].","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"19"}}