{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T20:44:58Z","timestamp":1764103498606},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712275200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712275200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Prim. Care"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Domestic violence (DV) is a serious and prevalent public health problem with devastating consequences for the victims and their families. Whilst the number of cases reported to the authorities has risen in recent years, many victims still chose not to present a complaint. In Portugal, to address this, DV became a public crime. As victims of DV present multiple health problems and frequently seek professional help, family doctors are in a privileged position to detect and report cases of DV to the authorities. However, little is known about what motivates these professionals to report or not the DV cases they encounter in their practice to the authorities.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We conducted semi-structured interviews with family doctors from all regional health administrations of continental Portugal. Interviews occurred between July 2020 and September 2022, were conducted in person or remotely, audio recorded, transcribed, and analysed using thematic analysis. Content analysis was conducted to assess the agreement or disagreement regarding mandatory reporting in each of the themes and subthemes.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Fifty-four family doctors took part in this study (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200939 women, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200915 men). The main themes that arose from the analysis were: \u201cBarriers related to the physician\u2019s activity,\u201d \u201cBarriers related to the victim or aggressor,\u201d \u201cFacilitators related to the physician\u2019s activity,\u201d \u201cFacilitators related to the victim or aggressor.\u201d Although different barriers were described, most doctors agreed with the mandatory reporting of DV cases.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Family doctors encounter multiple barriers and facilitators when considering reporting a DV case to the authorities. The results of this study can help develop new interventions to address the barriers described by the doctors, increasing their compliance with mandatory reporting, the protection of victims and the just persecution of the aggressor.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-024-02329-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T08:02:01Z","timestamp":1712304121000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Barriers and facilitators of the reporting by family doctors of cases of domestic violence \u2013 a qualitative study across Portugal"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Diana Nadine","family":"Moreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Pinto da Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2329_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2007.02.001","volume":"40","author":"MP Matud","year":"2007","unstructured":"Matud MP. Dating violence and domestic violence. J Adolesc Health. 2007;40:295\u20137.","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"2329_CR2","first-page":"87","volume":"1","author":"L Heise","year":"2002","unstructured":"Heise L, Garcia-Moreno C. Violence by intimate partners. World Rep Violence Health. 2002;1:87\u2013121.","journal-title":"World Rep Violence Health"},{"key":"2329_CR3","volume-title":"WHO multi-country study on women\u2019s health and domestic violence against women : initial results on prevalence, health outcomes and women\u2019s responses \/ authors: Claudia Garcia-Moreno ... [et al.]","author":"WHO","year":"2005","unstructured":"WHO. WHO multi-country study on women\u2019s health and domestic violence against women\u202f: initial results on prevalence, health outcomes and women\u2019s responses \/ authors: Claudia Garcia-Moreno ... [et al.]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2005."},{"key":"2329_CR4","volume-title":"Intimate partner violence in the United States -- 2010","author":"CDC","year":"2014","unstructured":"CDC. Intimate partner violence in the United States -- 2010. Atlanta: Book; 2014."},{"issue":"3","key":"2329_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2015.01.012","volume":"99","author":"N Sugg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sugg N. Intimate partner violence: prevalence, health consequences, and intervention. Med Clin North Am. 2015;99(3):629\u201349.","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"2329_CR6","unstructured":"Assun\u00e7\u00e3o BMd. Viol\u00eancia dom\u00e9stica \u00e9 o crime mais cometido em Portugal. CNN Portugal. 2022. Available from: https:\/\/cnnportugal.iol.pt\/vidas\/confinamento\/violencia-domestica-e-o-crime-mais-cometido-emportugal\/20220101\/61cdee9d0cf21a10a4169a3f."},{"key":"2329_CR7","unstructured":"CIG. Portal da Viol\u00eancia Dom\u00e9stica. 2022. Available from: https:\/\/www.cig.gov.pt\/area-portal-da-violencia\/portal-violencia-domestica\/indicadores-estatisticos\/#title1."},{"key":"2329_CR8","volume-title":"Estat\u00edsticas APAV - Relat\u00f3rio Anual 2021","author":"APAV","year":"2021","unstructured":"APAV. Estat\u00edsticas APAV - Relat\u00f3rio Anual 2021. 2021."},{"issue":"4","key":"2329_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdaa154","volume":"43","author":"DN Moreira","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moreira DN, Pinto da Costa M. Should domestic violence be or not a public crime? J Public Health. 2021;43(4):833\u20138.","journal-title":"J Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"2329_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-007-0199-z","volume":"22","author":"LA McCloskey","year":"2007","unstructured":"McCloskey LA, Williams CM, Lichter E, Gerber M, Ganz ML, Sege R. Abused women disclose partner interference with health care: an unrecognized form of battering. J Gen Intern Med. 2007;22(8):1067\u201372.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"18","key":"2329_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2009.292","volume":"169","author":"AE Bonomi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bonomi AE, Anderson ML, Reid RJ, Rivara FP, Carrell D, Thompson RS. Medical and psychosocial diagnoses in women with a history of intimate partner violence. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(18):1692\u20137.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"2329_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(97)00022-1","volume":"45","author":"RL Fischbach","year":"1997","unstructured":"Fischbach RL, Herbert B. Domestic violence and mental health: correlates and conundrums within and across cultures. Soc Sci Med. 1997;45(8):1161\u201376.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2329_CR13","volume-title":"Successful qualitative research: a practical guide for beginners","author":"Virginia Braun VC","year":"2013","unstructured":"Virginia Braun VC. Successful qualitative research: a practical guide for beginners. 2013."},{"issue":"4","key":"2329_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.89.4.575","volume":"89","author":"MA Rodriguez","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rodriguez MA, McLoughlin E, Bauer HM, Paredes V, Grumbach K. Mandatory reporting of intimate partner violence to police: views of physicians in California. Am J Public Health. 1999;89(4):575\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2329_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e96","DOI":"10.1017\/S1463423619000288","volume":"20","author":"AC Taskiran","year":"2019","unstructured":"Taskiran AC, Ozsahin A, Edirne T. Intimate partner violence management and referral practices of primary care workers in a selected population in Turkey. Prim Health Care Res Dev. 2019;20:e96.","journal-title":"Prim Health Care Res Dev"},{"issue":"4","key":"2329_CR16","first-page":"338","volume":"50","author":"MA Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez MA, Sheldon WR, Bauer HM, P\u00e9rez-Stable EJ. The factors associated with disclosure of intimate partner abuse to clinicians. J Fam Pract. 2001;50(4):338\u201344.","journal-title":"J Fam Pract"},{"issue":"6","key":"2329_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1080\/03630242.2012.690840","volume":"52","author":"S Sprague","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sprague S, Madden K, Simunovic N, Godin K, Pham NK, Bhandari M, et al. Barriers to screening for intimate partner violence. Women Health. 2012;52(6):587\u2013605.","journal-title":"Women Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2329_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2019.8","volume":"5","author":"RE Ruijne","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ruijne RE, Kamperman AM, Trevillion K, Garofalo C, Jongejan FE, Bogaerts S, et al. Mental health professionals\u2019 knowledge, skills and attitudes on domestic violence and abuse in the Netherlands: cross-sectional study. BJPsych Open. 2019;5(2):e29.","journal-title":"BJPsych Open"},{"key":"2329_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.31128\/AJGP-04-18-4563","volume":"47","author":"J Kuruppu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kuruppu J, Forsdike K, Hegarty K. \u2018It\u2019s a necessary evil\u2019: Experiences and perceptions of mandatory reporting of child abuse in Victorian general practice. Aust J Gen Pract. 2018;47:729\u201333.","journal-title":"Aust J Gen Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"2329_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.04.021","volume":"53","author":"T Rosen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rosen T, Lien C, Stern ME, Bloemen EM, Mysliwiec R, McCarthy TJ, et al. Emergency medical services perspectives on identifying and reporting victims of elder abuse, neglect, and self-neglect. J Emerg Med. 2017;53(4):573\u201382.","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"2329_CR21","volume-title":"Viol\u00eancia Interpessoal - Abordagem, diagn\u00f3stico e interven\u00e7\u00e3o nos servi\u00e7os de sa\u00fade","author":"DGS","year":"2014","unstructured":"DGS. Viol\u00eancia Interpessoal - Abordagem, diagn\u00f3stico e interven\u00e7\u00e3o nos servi\u00e7os de sa\u00fade. 2014."},{"issue":"5","key":"2329_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.304.5.596","volume":"304","author":"JM Torpy","year":"2010","unstructured":"Torpy JM, Lynm C, Glass RM. Intimate partner violence. JAMA. 2010;304(5):596.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2329_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113644","volume":"270","author":"KR Lynch","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lynch KR, Jackson DB. Firearm exposure and the health of high-risk intimate partner violence victims. Soc Sci Med. 2021;270:113644.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2329_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(98)70259-8","volume":"31","author":"CJ Sachs","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sachs CJ, Peek C, Baraff LJ, Hasselblad V. Failure of the mandatory domestic violence reporting law to increase medical facility referral to police. Ann Emerg Med. 1998;31(4):488\u201394.","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"2329_CR25","unstructured":"LUSA. Mais de 1300 casos de viol\u00eancia contra profissionais de sa\u00fade este ano. Di\u00e1rio de Not\u00edcias; 2022. Available from: https:\/\/www.dn.pt\/sociedade\/mais-de-700-situacoes-de-violencia-contra-profissionais-de-saude-em-2021-14509519.html\/."}],"container-title":["BMC Primary Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12875-024-02329-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12875-024-02329-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12875-024-02329-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T08:02:29Z","timestamp":1712304149000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcfampract.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12875-024-02329-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2329"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12875-024-02329-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2731-4553"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2731-4553","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 January 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 March 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 April 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study obtained ethical approval from the Ethics Commission of the Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute of the University of Porto, the Ethics Commissions of the Regional Health Administrations of Portugal (North, Center and Lisbon and Tagus Valley), and the Ethics Commission of the Local Health Unit of North Alentejo.The methodology used was developed and implemented according to relevant ethical guidelines and regulations such as the Declaration of Helsinki.Prior to the interview, participants were given the opportunity to ask any questions regarding the project. It was explained the voluntary character of their participation and the possibility of declining to answer any of the questions or withdrawing from the study and requesting for any or all of the information shared to be omitted, until one month after the interview, without the need for any explanation.Informed consent was obtained prior to data collection. To guarantee anonymity each participant was referred by a participant number, and any potentially identifiable information, such as \u201cworkplace\u201d was strikethrough during the transcription process.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All participants were required to express their informed consent for publication prior to data collection.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"107"}}