{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T04:14:26Z","timestamp":1772165666905,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677024000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Infect Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatment for COVID-19 is associated with improved clinical outcomes. However, there is limited information regarding the impact of treatment on symptoms and the prevalence of post-COVID Conditions (PCC). Understanding of the association between time to mAb infusion and the development of PCC is also limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This longitudinal study was conducted among patients with COVID-19 who received mAb infusions at a Federally Qualified Health Center in San Diego, CA. A series of telephone interviews were conducted at baseline and follow-up (14\u00a0days and 28+\u2009days). A comprehensive symptom inventory was completed and physical and mental health status were measured using PROMIS-29 and PHQ-2. Pearson\u2019s Chi-squared tests and independent two-sample t-tests were performed to test for association between time to mAb infusion and outcomes at follow-up. A Poisson regression model was used to analyze whether time to mAb infusion predicts risk of developing PCC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants (N\u2009=\u2009411) were 53% female, ranged in age from 16 to 92\u00a0years (mean 50), and a majority (56%) were Latino\/Hispanic. Cross-sectional findings revealed a high symptom burden at baseline (70% of patients had cough, 50% had fever, and 44% had headache). The prevalence of many symptoms decreased substantially by the final follow-up survey (29% of patients had cough, 3% had fever, and 28% had headache). Longitudinal findings indicated that 10 symptoms decreased in prevalence from baseline to final follow-up, 2 remained the same, and 14 increased. The severity of symptoms and most patient-reported physical and mental health measure scores decreased over time. The prevalence of PCC was 69% when PCC was defined as\u2009\u2265\u20091 symptom at final follow-up. Time to mAb infusion was not significantly associated with any outcome at follow-up. Time to infusion was not associated with PCC status at final follow-up in the crude or adjusted Poisson regression models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of PCC was high among this patient population following COVID-19 mAb treatment. Time to mAb infusion did not predict the development of PCC. Further research in these areas is essential to answer urgent clinical questions about effective treatments of COVID-19.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08057-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T04:05:04Z","timestamp":1677038704000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["COVID-19 monoclonal antibody treatment impact on symptoms and post-COVID conditions among high-risk patients at a Federally Qualified Health Center"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Natalie L.","family":"Vawter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Job G.","family":"Godino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sydney V.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam W.","family":"Northrup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jane C.","family":"Samaniego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline Y.","family":"Poblete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jesus A.","family":"Guereca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sydney P.","family":"Sharp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Matthews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noe C.","family":"Crespo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pauline G.","family":"Lucatero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monica M.","family":"Vidaurrazaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian B.","family":"Ramers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"8057_CR1","unstructured":"WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. https:\/\/covid19.who.int. Accessed 19 Sep 2022."},{"key":"8057_CR2","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Association. Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Authorizes Monoclonal Antibody for Treatment of COVID-19. FDA. FDA; 2020. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/press-announcements\/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-authorizes-monoclonal-antibody-treatment-covid-19. Accessed 9 Mar 2022."},{"key":"8057_CR3","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Association. Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Authorizes Monoclonal Antibodies for Treatment of COVID-19. FDA. FDA; 2020. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/press-announcements\/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-authorizes-monoclonal-antibodies-treatment-covid-19. Accessed 9 Mar 2022."},{"issue":"10","key":"8057_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.1225","volume":"325","author":"EC Lloyd","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lloyd EC, Gandhi TN, Petty LA. Monoclonal antibodies for COVID-19. JAMA. 2021;325(10):1015.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"7","key":"8057_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofab331","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab331","volume":"8","author":"BJ Webb","year":"2021","unstructured":"Webb BJ, Buckel W, Vento T, Butler AM, Grisel N, Brown SM, et al. Real-world effectiveness and tolerability of monoclonal antibody therapy for ambulatory patients with early COVID-19. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2021;8(7):ofab331.","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"8057_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofab398","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab398","volume":"8","author":"K Rainwater-Lovett","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rainwater-Lovett K, Redd JT, Stewart MA, Calles NE, Cluff T, Fang M, et al. Real-world effect of monoclonal antibody treatment in COVID-19 patients in a diverse population in the United States. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2021;8(8):ofab398.","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"8057_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofab254","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab254","volume":"8","author":"JR Bariola","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bariola JR, McCreary EK, Wadas RJ, Kip KE, Marroquin OC, Minnier T, et al. Impact of bamlanivimab monoclonal antibody treatment on hospitalization and mortality among nonhospitalized adults with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2021;8(7):ofab254.","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"8057_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/IPC.0000000000001109","volume":"30","author":"BE Delasobera","year":"2022","unstructured":"Delasobera BE, Saggar T, Goodwin JN, Joy A, Henry KN, Levin B, et al. Impact of rapidly deployed COVID-19 monoclonal antibody infusion clinics on rate of hospitalization. Infect Dis Clin Pract. 2022;30(2):1\u20136.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"8057_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2029849","volume":"384","author":"P Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen P, Nirula A, Heller B, Gottlieb RL, Boscia J, Morris J, et al. SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody LY-CoV555 in outpatients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(3):229\u201337.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"8057_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofab255","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab255","volume":"8","author":"ZA Yetmar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yetmar ZA, Beam E, O\u2019Horo JC, Ganesh R, Bierle DM, Brumble L, et al. Monoclonal antibody therapy for COVID-19 in solid organ transplant recipients. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2021;8(6):ofab255.","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"8057_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofab292","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab292","volume":"8","author":"N Piccicacco","year":"2021","unstructured":"Piccicacco N, Zeitler K, Montero J, Kumar A, Lakshmi S, Kim K, et al. Effectiveness of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 monoclonal antibody infusions in high-risk outpatients. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2021;8(7):ofab292.","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"8057_CR12","unstructured":"CDC. Post-COVID Conditions: overview. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2021. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/hcp\/clinical-care\/post-covid-conditions.html. Accessed 9 Mar 2022."},{"key":"8057_CR13","unstructured":"World Health Organization. A clinical case definition of post COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus, 6 October 2021. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications-detail-redirect\/WHO-2019-nCoV-Post_COVID-19_condition-Clinical_case_definition-2021.1. Accessed 1 Nov 2022."},{"issue":"10","key":"8057_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.14357","volume":"75","author":"AL Cabrera Martimbianco","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cabrera Martimbianco AL, Pacheco RL, Bagattini \u00c2M, Riera R. Frequency, signs and symptoms, and criteria adopted for long COVID-19: a systematic review. Int J Clin Pract. 2021;75(10): e14357.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"key":"8057_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sudre C, Murray B, Varsavsky T, Graham M, Penfold R, Bowyer R, et al. Attributes and predictors of Long-COVID: analysis of COVID cases and their symptoms collected by the Covid Symptoms Study App. MedRxiv: Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA. (2020). Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA: MedRxiv; 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.10.19.20214494. Accessed 2 Mar 2022.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.10.19.20214494"},{"issue":"11","key":"8057_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab408","volume":"73","author":"JL Hirschtick","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hirschtick JL, Titus AR, Slocum E, Power LE, Hirschtick RE, Elliott MR, et al. Population-based estimates of post-acute sequelae of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection (PASC) prevalence and characteristics. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;73(11):2055\u201364.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"8057_CR17","first-page":"575","volume":"9","author":"G Orr\u00f9","year":"2021","unstructured":"Orr\u00f9 G, Bertelloni D, Diolaiuti F, Mucci F, Di Giuseppe M, Biella M, et al. Long-COVID syndrome? A study on the persistence of neurological, psychological and physiological symptoms. Healthc Basel Switz. 2021;9(5):575.","journal-title":"Healthc Basel Switz"},{"key":"8057_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.698169","volume":"12","author":"AD Proal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Proal AD, VanElzakker MB. Long COVID or post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC): an overview of biological factors that may contribute to persistent symptoms. Front Microbiol. 2021;12: 698169.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"8057_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yomogida K. Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection among adults aged \u226518 years\u2014Long Beach, California, April 1\u2013December 10, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;70. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/volumes\/70\/wr\/mm7037a2.htm. Accessed 9 Mar 2022.","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7037a2"},{"issue":"10","key":"8057_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2021.1924397","volume":"53","author":"SJ Yong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yong SJ. Long COVID or post-COVID-19 syndrome: putative pathophysiology, risk factors, and treatments. Infect Dis (Lond). 2021;53(10):737\u221254.","journal-title":"Infect Dis (Lond)."},{"issue":"8","key":"8057_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofab352","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab352","volume":"8","author":"JB O\u2019Keefe","year":"2021","unstructured":"O\u2019Keefe JB, Minton HC, Morrow M, Johnson C, Moore MA, O\u2019Keefe GAD, et al. Postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection and impact on quality of life 1\u20136 months after illness and association with initial symptom severity. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2021;8(8):ofab352.","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"8057_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2021.11.017","volume":"97","author":"RR Razonable","year":"2022","unstructured":"Razonable RR, Ganesh R, Bierle DM. Clinical prioritization of antispike monoclonal antibody treatment of mild to moderate COVID-19. Mayo Clin Proc. 2022;97(1):26\u201330.","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"8057_CR23","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health. Prioritization of anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapies for the treatment and prevention of COVID-19 when there are logistical or supply constraints. COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines. https:\/\/www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov\/overview\/prioritization-of-therapeutics\/. Accessed 7 Nov 2022."},{"issue":"11","key":"8057_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MLR.0000093487.78664.3C","volume":"41","author":"K Kroenke","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW. The Patient Health Questionnaire-2: validity of a two-item depression screener. Med Care. 2003;41(11):1284\u201392.","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"issue":"7","key":"8057_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-018-1842-3","volume":"27","author":"RD Hays","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hays RD, Spritzer KL, Schalet BD, Cella D. PROMIS\u00ae-29 v2.0 profile physical and mental health summary scores. Qual Life Res Int J Qual Life Asp Treat Care Rehabil. 2018;27(7):1885\u201391.","journal-title":"Qual Life Res Int J Qual Life Asp Treat Care Rehabil."},{"key":"8057_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2015.08.038","volume":"73","author":"KF Cook","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cook KF, Jensen SE, Schalet BD, Beaumont JL, Amtmann D, Czajkowski S, et al. PROMIS measures of pain, fatigue, negative affect, physical function, and social function demonstrated clinical validity across a range of chronic conditions. J Clin Epidemiol. 2016;73:89\u2013102.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"8057_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.04.011","volume":"63","author":"D Cella","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cella D, Riley W, Stone A, Rothrock N, Reeve B, Yount S, et al. Initial adult health item banks and first wave testing of the patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS\u2122) network: 2005\u20132008. J Clin Epidemiol. 2010;63(11):1179\u201394.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"8057_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215013272110304","DOI":"10.1177\/21501327211030413","volume":"12","author":"R Ganesh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ganesh R, Ghosh AK, Nyman MA, Croghan IT, Grach SL, Anstine CV, et al. PROMIS scales for assessment of persistent post-COVID symptoms: a cross sectional study. J Prim Care Community Health. 2021;12:21501327211030412.","journal-title":"J Prim Care Community Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"8057_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh090","volume":"159","author":"G Zou","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zou G. A modified poisson regression approach to prospective studies with binary data. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;159(7):702\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"8057_CR30","unstructured":"UCLA: Statistical Consulting Group. Poisson regression. R data analysis examples. https:\/\/stats.oarc.ucla.edu\/r\/dae\/poisson-regression\/. Accessed 11 Jan 2022."},{"key":"8057_CR31","unstructured":"Lindquist, K. How can I estimate relative risk using glm for common outcomes in cohort studies? Stata FAQ. https:\/\/stats.oarc.ucla.edu\/stata\/faq\/how-can-i-estimate-relative-risk-using-glm-for-common-outcomes-in-cohort-studies\/. Accessed 14 Jan 2022."},{"issue":"5","key":"8057_CR32","volume":"13","author":"MM Alam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alam MM, Mahmud S, Aggarwal S, Fathma S, Al Mahi N, Shibli MS, et al. Clinical impact of the early use of monoclonal antibody LY-CoV555 (bamlanivimab) on mortality and hospitalization among elderly nursing home patients: a multicenter retrospective study. Cureus. 2021;13(5): e14933.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"3","key":"8057_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/29638","volume":"2","author":"M Jarrett","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jarrett M, Licht W, Bock K, Brown Z, Hirsch J, Coppa K, et al. Early experience with neutralizing monoclonal antibody therapy for COVID-19: retrospective cohort survival analysis and descriptive study. JMIRx Med. 2021;2(3): e29638.","journal-title":"JMIRx Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"8057_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.16843","volume":"22","author":"EJ Klein","year":"2022","unstructured":"Klein EJ, Hardesty A, Vieira K, Farmakiotis D. Use of anti-spike monoclonal antibodies in kidney transplant recipients with COVID-19: efficacy, ethnic and racial disparities. Am J Transplant. 2022;22(2):640\u20135.","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"issue":"23","key":"8057_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2108163","volume":"385","author":"DM Weinreich","year":"2021","unstructured":"Weinreich DM, Sivapalasingam S, Norton T, Ali S, Gao H, Bhore R, et al. REGEN-COV antibody combination and outcomes in outpatients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(23): e81.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"15","key":"8057_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2102685","volume":"385","author":"M Dougan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dougan M, Nirula A, Azizad M, Mocherla B, Gottlieb RL, Chen P, et al. Bamlanivimab plus etesevimab in mild or moderate Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(15):1382\u201392.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"8057_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chew KW, Moser C, Daar ES, Wohl DA, Li JZ, Coombs R, et al. Bamlanivimab reduces nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 RNA levels but not symptom duration in non-hospitalized adults with COVID-19. MedRxiv Prepr Serv Health Sci. 2021;2021.12.17.21268009.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.12.17.21268009"},{"issue":"9","key":"8057_CR38","first-page":"CD013825","volume":"9","author":"N Kreuzberger","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kreuzberger N, Hirsch C, Chai KL, Tomlinson E, Khosravi Z, Popp M, et al. SARS-CoV-2-neutralising monoclonal antibodies for treatment of COVID-19. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;9(9):CD013825.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"8057_CR39","volume-title":"Features, evaluation, and treatment of coronavirus (COVID-19)","author":"M Cascella","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cascella M, Rajnik M, Aleem A, Dulebohn SC, Di Napoli R. Features, evaluation, and treatment of coronavirus (COVID-19). Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022."},{"key":"8057_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bull-Otterson L. Post\u2013COVID conditions among adult COVID-19 survivors aged 18\u201364 and \u226565 years\u2014United States, March 2020\u2013November 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022;71. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/volumes\/71\/wr\/mm7121e1.htm. Accessed 10 Jun 2022.","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7121e1"},{"issue":"1","key":"8057_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16144","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-95565-8","volume":"11","author":"S Lopez-Leon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lopez-Leon S, Wegman-Ostrosky T, Perelman C, Sepulveda R, Rebolledo PA, Cuapio A, et al. More than 50 long-term effects of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):16144.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"8057_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2021.06.009","volume":"92","author":"C Fern\u00e1ndez-de-Las-Pe\u00f1as","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-de-Las-Pe\u00f1as C, Palacios-Ce\u00f1a D, G\u00f3mez-Mayordomo V, Florencio LL, Cuadrado ML, Plaza-Manzano G, et al. Prevalence of post-COVID-19 symptoms in hospitalized and non-hospitalized COVID-19 survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Intern Med. 2021;92:55\u201370.","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"8057_CR43","unstructured":"\u00c1lvarez JA, Office C of SDC. First omicron variant case identified in San Diego County. San Diego County News Center. 2021. https:\/\/www.countynewscenter.com\/first-omicron-variant-case-identified-in-san-diego-county\/. Accessed 10 Mar 2022."},{"key":"8057_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S104807","volume":"9","author":"A Althubaiti","year":"2016","unstructured":"Althubaiti A. Information bias in health research: definition, pitfalls, and adjustment methods. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2016;9:211\u20137.","journal-title":"J Multidiscip Healthc"},{"issue":"2","key":"8057_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"c94","DOI":"10.1159\/000312871","volume":"115","author":"G Tripepi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tripepi G, Jager KJ, Dekker FW, Zoccali C. Selection bias and information bias in clinical research. Nephron Clin Pract. 2010;115(2):c94-99.","journal-title":"Nephron Clin Pract"},{"key":"8057_CR46","unstructured":"CDC. COVID-19 and your health: people with certain medical conditions. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/need-extra-precautions\/people-with-medical-conditions.html. Accessed 11 Mar 2022."},{"key":"8057_CR47","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria; 2021. Available from: https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"8057_CR48","unstructured":"Dowle M, Srinivasan A. data.table: Extension of `data.frame`. R package version 1.14.2; 2021. Available from: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=data.table."},{"key":"8057_CR49","unstructured":"Wickham H, Fran\u00e7ois R, Henry L, M\u00fcller K. dplyr: A Grammar of Data Manipulation. R package version 1.0.10; 2022. Available from: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=dplyr."},{"key":"8057_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wickham H. ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis. Springer-Verlag New York; 2016.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4"},{"key":"8057_CR51","unstructured":"Zeileis A, Hothorn T. Diagnostic Checking in Regression Relationships. R News. 2002;2(3):7\u201310. Available from: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/doc\/Rnews\/."},{"key":"8057_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jackson CH. Multi-state models for panel data: the msm package for R. J Stat Soft. 2011;38(8):1-29. Available from: https:\/\/www.jstatsoft.org\/v38\/i08\/.","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v038.i08"},{"key":"8057_CR53","unstructured":"Wickham H, Bryan J. readxl: read excel files. R package version 1.4.1; 2022. Available from: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=readxl."},{"key":"8057_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zeileis A, K\u00f6ll S, Graham N. Various versatile variances: an object-oriented implementation of clustered covariances in R. J Stat Sof. 2020. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v095.i01.","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v095.i01"},{"key":"8057_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zeileis A. Object-oriented computation of sandwich estimators. J Stat Soft. 2006. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v016.i09.","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v016.i09"},{"key":"8057_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wickham H, Averick M, Bryan J, Chang W, McGowan LD, Fran\u00e7ois R, Grolemund G, Hayes A, Henry L, Hester J, Kuhn M, Pedersen TL, Miller E, Bache SM, M\u00fcller K, Ooms J, Robinson D, Seidel DP, Spinu V, Takahashi K, Vaughan D, Wilke C, Woo K, Yutani H. Welcome to the tidyverse. J Open Source Soft. 2019. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21105\/joss.01686.","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01686"}],"container-title":["BMC Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-023-08057-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12879-023-08057-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12879-023-08057-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T16:03:21Z","timestamp":1677081801000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12879-023-08057-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["8057"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-023-08057-7","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2086199\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 September 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 February 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 February 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. All patients (or parents\/legal guardians of patients\u2009<\u200918\u00a0years) included in the study completed FHCSD\u2019s broad informed consent form which includes a specific authorization for the use of de-identified health information for population health and quality improvement studies. The study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board at San Diego State University (HS-2022\u20130113).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"105"}}