{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T12:02:39Z","timestamp":1772798559483,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772755200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772755200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Pediatr"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-026-06704-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T09:37:47Z","timestamp":1772789867000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sex differences in blood pressure and physical activity among socioeconomically vulnerable Portuguese schoolchildren aged 6 to 10 years: insights from the BeE-school Project"],"prefix":"10.1186","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4752-6697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neiva","family":"Leite","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6953-0793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maiara Cristina","family":"Tadiotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9741-8141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5450-7307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Augusto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5632-2776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Jos\u00e9","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5624-3592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline","family":"Brand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7571-9181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Mota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4771-9402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6986-0007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafaela","family":"Ros\u00e1rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"6704_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1161\/HYP.0000000000000228","volume":"80","author":"B Falkner","year":"2023","unstructured":"Falkner B, Gidding SS, Baker-Smith CM, et al. Pediatric primary hypertension: an underrecognized condition: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Hypertension. 2023;80(6):101\u201311.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"12","key":"6704_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4091","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-022-04623-4","volume":"181","author":"C Agostinis-Sobrinho","year":"2022","unstructured":"Agostinis-Sobrinho C, Kievi\u0161ien\u0117 J, Rauckien\u0117-Michaelsson A, et al. Cardiovascular health behavior and cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescents: a longitudinal study. Eur J Pediatr. 2022;181(12):4091\u20139.","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"issue":"35","key":"6704_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3290","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac328","volume":"43","author":"G Simone","year":"2022","unstructured":"Simone G, Mancusi C, Hanssen H, Genovesi S, Lurbe E, Parati G, et al. Hypertension in children and adolescents. Eur Heart J. 2022;43(35):3290\u2013301.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"3","key":"6704_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20171904","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-1904","volume":"140","author":"JT Flynn","year":"2017","unstructured":"Flynn JT, Kaelber DC, Baker-Smith CM, et al. Clinical practice guideline for screening and management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2017;140(3):e20171904.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"10","key":"6704_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001039","volume":"34","author":"E Lurbe","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lurbe E, Agabiti-Rosei E, Cruickshank JK, et al. 2016 European Society of Hypertension guidelines for the management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. J Hypertens. 2016;34(10):1887\u2013920.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"4","key":"6704_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repc.2017.09.016","volume":"37","author":"PRM Rodrigues","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rodrigues PRM, Pereira RA, Gama A, et al. Body adiposity is associated with risk of high blood pressure in Portuguese schoolchildren. Rev Port Cardiol. 2018;37(4):285\u201392.","journal-title":"Rev Port Cardiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"6704_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repc.2012.02.022","volume":"31","author":"D Silva","year":"2012","unstructured":"Silva D, Matos A, Magalh\u00e2es T, Martins V, Ricardo L, Almeida H. Preval\u00eancia de hipertens\u00e3o arterial em adolescentes portugueses da cidade de Lisboa. Rev Port Cardiol. 2012;31(12):789\u201394.","journal-title":"Rev Port Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6704_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.36660\/abc.20180391","volume":"115","author":"TAA Tozo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tozo TAA, Pereira BO, Menezes-Junior FJ, et al. Hypertensive measures in schoolchildren: risk of central obesity and protective effect of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020;115(1):42.","journal-title":"Arq Bras Cardiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"6704_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0265560","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0265560","volume":"17","author":"S Musa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Musa S, Elyamani R, Dergaa I. COVID-19 and screen-based sedentary behaviour: Systematic review of digital screen time and metabolic syndrome in adolescents. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(3):e0265560.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"6704_CR10","first-page":"54","volume":"21","author":"MC Tadiotto","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tadiotto MC, Furtado-Alle L, Corazza PRP, et al. Waist-height ratio increase is associated with sedentary behavior in adolescents independent of the level of physical activity. J Exerc Physiol Online. 2018;21(4):54.","journal-title":"J Exerc Physiol Online"},{"key":"6704_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18148","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-45432-5","volume":"13","author":"R Kuciene","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kuciene R, Dulskiene V. Associations between tri\u2013ponderal mass index, body mass index, and high blood pressure among children and adolescents: a cross\u2013sectional study. Sci Rep. 2023;13:18148.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"6704_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2021.02.013","volume":"31","author":"AE Malavazos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Malavazos AE, Capitanio G, Milani V, et al. Tri-ponderal mass index vs body mass index in discriminating central obesity and hypertension in adolescents with overweight. Nut Metab Cardiovas Di. 2021;31:1613.","journal-title":"Nut Metab Cardiovas Di"},{"key":"6704_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028861","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1028861","volume":"9","author":"J Hu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hu J, Zhong Y, Ge W, et al. Comparisons of tri-ponderal mass index and body mass index in discriminating hypertension at three separate visits in adolescents: a retrospective cohort study. Front Nutr. 2022;9:1028861.","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"6704_CR14","first-page":"1","volume":"14","author":"Y Cui","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cui Y, Zhang F, Wang H, Zhao L, Song R, Han M, Shen X. Temporal associations between tri-ponderal mass index and blood pressure in chinese children: a cross-lag analysis. Nutrients. 2022;14:1\u20139.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"2","key":"6704_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-024-01672-7","volume":"49","author":"J Martins","year":"2025","unstructured":"Martins J, Augusto C, Silva MJ, et al. Effectiveness of a health promotion program on overweight in vulnerable children from primary schools (BeE-school): A cluster-randomized controlled trial. Int J Obes. 2025;49(2):332.","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"6704_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-021-01095-x","volume":"18","author":"K Brazendale","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brazendale K, Beets MW, Armstrong B, et al. Children\u2019s moderate-to-vigorous physical activity on weekdays versus weekend days: a multi-country analysis. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2021;18:28.","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"key":"6704_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.47197\/retos.v58.106478","volume":"58","author":"M Costa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Costa M, Ribeiro JC, Santos MP, Mota J. Physical education classes with different durations, and their contribution to daily physical activity recommendations of adolescents in Porto, Portugal. Retos. 2024;58:182.","journal-title":"Retos"},{"issue":"24","key":"6704_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102955","volume":"54","author":"FC Bull","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bull FC, Al-Ansari SS, Biddle S, et al. World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Br J Sports Med. 2020;54(24):1451\u201362.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"6704_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11500","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-61038-x","volume":"14","author":"P Teich","year":"2024","unstructured":"Teich P, Golle K, Kliegl R. Association between time of assessment within a school year and physical fitness of primary school children. Sci Rep. 2024;14:11500.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"6704_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-023-01496-0","volume":"20","author":"L Kretschmer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kretschmer L, Salali GD, Andersen LB, et al. Gender differences in the distribution of children\u2019s physical activity: evidence from nine countries. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2023;20:103.","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"issue":"10","key":"6704_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14440","volume":"33","author":"AM Nevill","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nevill AM, Duncan MJ, Gaya A, Mello JB. Secular trends in the physical fitness of Brazilian youth: Evidence that fitness is declining for the majority but not for a fit minority. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2023;33(10):2079\u201389.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"6704_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026606","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.1026606","volume":"9","author":"N Nimkarn","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nimkarn N, Sewarit A, Pirojsakul K, et al. Waist-to-height-ratio is associated with sustained hypertension in children and adolescents with high office blood pressure. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2023;9:1026606.","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"6704_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000588","volume":"47","author":"SA Moore","year":"2015","unstructured":"Moore SA, McKay HA, MacDonald H, et al. Enhancing a somatic maturity prediction model. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2015;47(8):1755\u201364.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"9","key":"6704_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.07.043497","volume":"85","author":"M de Onis","year":"2007","unstructured":"de Onis M, Onyango AW, Borghi E, Siyam A, Nishida C, Siekmann J. Development of a WHO growth reference for school-aged children and adolescents. Bull World Health Organ. 2007;85(9):660\u20137.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"6704_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277125","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1277125","volume":"14","author":"Y Niu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Niu Y, Zhang Y, Sheng J, et al. Tri-ponderal mass index as a screening tool for obesity prediction in children aged 6\u20139 years. Front Endocrinol. 2023;14:1277125.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"issue":"5","key":"6704_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12150","volume":"12","author":"JR Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez JR, Bohan Brown M, L\u00f3pez-Alarc\u00f3n M, et al. Changes in pediatric waist circumference percentiles despite reported pediatric weight stabilization in the US. Pediatr Obes. 2017;12(5):347\u201355.","journal-title":"Pediatr Obes"},{"key":"6704_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980009993053","volume":"13","author":"S Nambiar","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nambiar S, Hughes I, Davies PS. Developing waist-to-height ratio cut-offs to define overweight and obesity in children and adolescents. Public Health Nutr. 2010;13:1566\u201374.","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"issue":"12","key":"6704_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12795","volume":"27","author":"M Hildebrand","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hildebrand M, Hansen BH, van Hees VT, Ekelund U. Evaluation of raw acceleration sedentary thresholds in children and adults. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2017;27(12):1814\u201323.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"6704_CR29","first-page":"1","volume":"29","author":"N Martin-Espinosa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Martin-Espinosa N, D\u00edez-Fern\u00e1ndez A, S\u00e1nchez-L\u00f3pez M, et al. Prevalence of high blood pressure and association with obesity in Spanish schoolchildren aged 4\u2009\u00b1\u20096 years old. PLoS ONE. 2017;29:1\u201311.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"6704_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1590\/S1519-38292001000300005","volume":"1","author":"C Leandro","year":"2001","unstructured":"Leandro C, Guerra S, Duarte JA, Mota J. Maturation, body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness in children and adolescents in the metropolitan area of Porto, Portugal. Rev Bras Sa\u00fade Matern Infant. 2001;1(3):249\u201356.","journal-title":"Rev Bras Sa\u00fade Matern Infant"},{"issue":"7","key":"6704_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16070916","volume":"16","author":"A Duarte","year":"2024","unstructured":"Duarte A, Martins J, Silva MJ, et al. The role of parental adherence to the mediterranean diet and family time together in children\u2019s weight status: the BeE-School Project. Nutrients. 2024;16(7):916.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"6704_CR32","first-page":"a4258","volume":"16","author":"C Gericke","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gericke C, Pienaar AE, Gerber B, Monyeki MA. Relationships between moderate vigorous physical activity, motor and health-related fitness and motor skills in children. Afr J Prm Health Care Fam Med. 2024;16(1):a4258.","journal-title":"Afr J Prm Health Care Fam Med"},{"key":"6704_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-22867-1","volume":"25","author":"A Weimann","year":"2025","unstructured":"Weimann A, Vogel M, Poulain T, Kiess W. Effects of weight status, sex, age, sedentary behavior, pubertal status and socioeconomic status on the physical activity of children and adolescents. BMC Public Health. 2025;25:1.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"6704_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70024","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.70024","volume":"37","author":"LGO Luz","year":"2025","unstructured":"Luz LGO, Silva DRP, Henrique RS, Seabra AF, Coelho-e-Silva MJ. Correlates of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity among prepubertal girls: a bioecological approach. Am J Hum Biol. 2025;37:e70024.","journal-title":"Am J Hum Biol"},{"issue":"12","key":"6704_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14294","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.14294","volume":"54","author":"A Bianconi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bianconi A, Fiore M, Zauli E, et al. How strong is the evidence supporting the WHO guidelines on physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep in early childhood? Eur J Clin Invest. 2024;54(12):e14294.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"6704_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-23011-9","volume":"25","author":"Z Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen Z, Chen P, Zhu L. Associations of sleep, sedentary behavior, and physical activity during out-of-school time and the risk of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents: a dose-response and isotemporal substitution analysis. BMC Public Health. 2025;25(1):1877.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"6704_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2013-0053","volume":"12","author":"AM Machado-Rodrigues","year":"2015","unstructured":"Machado-Rodrigues AM, Leite N, Coelho-e-Silva MJ, et al. Relationship between metabolic syndrome and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in youth. J Phys Act Health. 2015;12(1):13\u20139.","journal-title":"J Phys Act Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"6704_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-017-0525-8","volume":"14","author":"MS Tremblay","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tremblay MS, Aubert S, Barnes JD, et al. Sedentary Behavior Research Network (SBRN) - Terminology Consensus Project process and outcome. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2017;14(1):75.","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"issue":"1","key":"6704_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"pe11212139423","DOI":"10.33448\/rsd-v12i1.39423","volume":"12","author":"CM Tana","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tana CM, Am\u00e2ncio NFG. Consequences of screen time in the lives of children and adolescents. Res Soc Dev. 2023;12(1):pe11212139423.","journal-title":"Res Soc Dev"},{"key":"6704_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298612","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1298612","volume":"12","author":"Z Huang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huang Z, Li X, Liu X, Xu Y, Feng H, Ren L. Exercise blood pressure, cardiorespiratory fitness, fatness and cardiovascular risk in children and adolescents. Front Public Health. 2024;12:1298612.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"6704_CR41","first-page":"243","volume":"30","author":"F Figueirinha","year":"2017","unstructured":"Figueirinha F, Herdy GVH. Hipertens\u00e3o arterial em pr\u00e9-adolescentes e adolescentes de Petr\u00f3polis: Preval\u00eancia e correla\u00e7\u00e3o com sobrepeso e obesidade. Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2017;30:243\u201350.","journal-title":"Int J Cardiovasc Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"6704_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2000.108394","volume":"137","author":"JM Sorof","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sorof JM, Portman RJ. White coat hypertension in children with elevated casual blood pressure. J Pediatr. 2000;137(4):493\u20137.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"6704_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2008.01.025","volume":"153","author":"MB Lande","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lande MB, Meagher CC, Fisher SG, et al. Left ventricular mass index in children with white coat hypertension. J Pediatr. 2008;153(1):50\u20134.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"9","key":"6704_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.13006","volume":"19","author":"Y Miyashita","year":"2017","unstructured":"Miyashita Y, Flynn JT, Hanevold CD. Diagnosis and management of white-coat hypertension in children and adolescents: A Midwest Pediatric Nephrology Consortium study. J Clin Hypertens. 2017;19(9):884.","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens"},{"key":"6704_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2022.03.036","volume":"246","author":"Y Miyashita","year":"2022","unstructured":"Miyashita Y, Hanevold C, Faino A, et al. White coat hypertension persistence in children and adolescents: the pediatric nephrology research consortium study. J Pediatr. 2022;246:154\u201360.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"6704_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-023-04010-4","volume":"23","author":"LB van der Heijden","year":"2023","unstructured":"van der Heijden LB, Groothoff JW, Feskens AJM, Janse AJ. Office blood pressure versus ambulatory blood pressure measurement in childhood obesity. BMC Pediatr. 2023;23(1):1\u20139.","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"6704_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-018-2171-1","volume":"22","author":"S Magder","year":"2018","unstructured":"Magder S. The meaning of blood pressure. Crit Care. 2018;22:257.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"6704_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4659","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-024-05734-w","volume":"183","author":"N Leite","year":"2024","unstructured":"Leite N, Tadiotto MC, Menezes-Junior FJ, et al. Reduction in blood pressure and metabolic profile in overweight hypertensive boys participating in a 12-week aerobic exercise program. Eur J Pediatr. 2024;183:4659\u201370.","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"issue":"1\u20139","key":"6704_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e024087","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-024087","volume":"9","author":"AO Fowokan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fowokan AO, Punthakee Z, Waddell C et al. Adiposity measures and their validity in estimating risk of hypertension in South Asian children: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2019;9:(1\u20139)e024087.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"6704_CR50","first-page":"341","volume":"35","author":"C Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen C, Lu M, Wu Y, et al. The prevalence of hypertension and elevated blood pressure and its correlation with overweight\/obesity among students aged 6\u201317 years in Suzhou. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2021;35(3):341\u20138.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"6704_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-022-03551-4","volume":"22","author":"TAA Tozo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tozo TAA, Gisi ML, Brand C, Moreira CMM, Pereira BO, Leite N. Family history of arterial hypertension and central adiposity: impact on blood pressure in schoolchildren. BMC Pediatr. 2022;22(1):497.","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"6704_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-14869-0","volume":"23","author":"GT Mello","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mello GT, Bertuol C, Minatto G, et al. A systematic review of the clustering and correlates of physical activity and sedentary behavior among boys and girls. BMC Public Health. 2023;23(1):372.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"6704_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1097\/HJR.0b013e32828621c6","volume":"14","author":"M Mirzaei","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mirzaei M, Taylor R, Morrell S, Leeder SR. Predictors of blood pressure in a cohort of school-aged children. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2007;14(5):624\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HJR.0b013e32828621c6. PMID: 17925620.","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"6704_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2012.11.006","volume":"89","author":"DC Moser","year":"2013","unstructured":"Moser DC, Giuliano ICB, Titski ACK, et al. Anthropometric measures and blood pressure in school children. J Pediatria. 2013;89(3):243\u20139.","journal-title":"J Pediatria"},{"issue":"2","key":"6704_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2017.93","volume":"41","author":"WR Tebar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tebar WR, Ritti-Dias RM, Farah BQ, et al. High blood pressure and its relationship to adiposity in a school-aged population: body mass index vs waist circumference. Hypertens Res. 2018;41(2):135\u201340.","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"key":"6704_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1080\/03014460.2022.2030405","volume":"49","author":"D Tornquist","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tornquist D, Tornquist L, Sehn AP, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness, screen time and cardiometabolic risk in South Brazilian school children. Ann Hum Biol. 2022;49:10\u20137.","journal-title":"Ann Hum Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"6704_CR57","first-page":"23","volume":"17","author":"JCP De Marco","year":"2023","unstructured":"De Marco JCP, Bim MA, Souza FU, et al. Association of abdominal endurance with body adiposity, physical activity and sitting time in adolescents. J Sport Health Res. 2023;17(4):23\u201330.","journal-title":"J Sport Health Res"},{"key":"6704_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-023-04378-3","volume":"23","author":"AR Lehnhard","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lehnhard AR, Sehn AP, Silveira JFC, et al. Longitudinal relationship between screen time, cardiorespiratory fitness, and waist circumference of children and adolescents: a 3-year cohort study. BMC Pediatr. 2023;23:553.","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"6704_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2023.10.007","volume":"100","author":"LN Reis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Reis LN, Reuter CP, Okely A, et al. Replacing screen time, with physical activity and sleep time: influence on cardiovascular indicators and inflammatory markers in Brazilian children. J Pediatria. 2024;100(2):149.","journal-title":"J Pediatria"},{"key":"6704_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6300(1999)11:2<209::AID-AJHB9>3.0.CO;2-G","volume":"11","author":"JN Roemmich","year":"1999","unstructured":"Roemmich JN, Rogol AD. Hormonal changes during puberty and their relation to fat distribution. Am J Hum Biol. 1999;11:209\u201322.","journal-title":"Am J Hum Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"6704_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.23663","volume":"31","author":"A Mast","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mast A, Pe\u00f1a A, Bolch CA, Shaibi G, Wyst KBV. Sex differences in response to lifestyle intervention among children and adolescents: systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity. 2023;31(3):665\u201392.","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"issue":"1","key":"6704_CR62","first-page":"1","volume":"22","author":"C Meng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Meng C, Yucheng T, Shu L, Yu Z. Effects of school-based high-intensity interval training on body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiometabolic markers in adolescent boys with obesity: A randomized controlled trial. BMC Pediatr. 2022;22(1):1\u201311.","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"6704_CR63","first-page":"1","volume":"25","author":"JVA Tozo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tozo JVA, Tadiotto MC, Tozo TAA, et al. Effects of different physical exercise programs on blood pressure in overweight children and adolescents: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pediatr. 2025;25:1.","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"6704_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-024-01313-4","volume":"26","author":"T Tsuda","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tsuda T, Robinson BW. Beneficial effects of exercise on hypertension\u2013induced cardiac hypertrophy in adolescents and young adults. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2024;26:451\u201362.","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rep"},{"key":"6704_CR65","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"J Ramos-Munell","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ramos-Munell J, Antczak D, \u00c1lvarez-Barbosa F, et al. Accelerometer monitoring duration for reliable estimates of physical activity, sedentary behavior, and step counts in preschoolers. J Phys Act Health. 2025;1:1\u20138.","journal-title":"J Phys Act Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"6704_CR66","first-page":"e20240113","volume":"121","author":"ADM Feitosa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Feitosa ADM, Barroso WKS, Mion Junior D, et al. Brazilian guidelines for in-office and out-of-office blood pressure measurement\u2009\u2013\u20092023. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2024;121(4):e20240113.","journal-title":"Arq Bras Cardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"6704_CR67","first-page":"1","volume":"6","author":"C Brand","year":"2024","unstructured":"Brand C, Dias AF, Fochesatto CF, et al. Parental history of cardiovascular risk factors and childhood cardiometabolic risk: The preventive effects of cardiorespiratory fitness and waist circumference within offspring. Balt J Health Phys Act. 2024;6(2):1\u201316.","journal-title":"Balt J Health Phys Act"}],"container-title":["BMC Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12887-026-06704-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T09:37:57Z","timestamp":1772789877000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12887-026-06704-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"references-count":67,"alternative-id":["6704"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12887-026-06704-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2431"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2431","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Ethics Committee for Life and Health Sciences (CE.CVS 009\/2022) of the University of Minho. All research methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. All parents and\/or guardians were informed and signed an informed consent form, and the children were asked to assent to participate before the procedures.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}