{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T21:23:01Z","timestamp":1770326581811,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]],"date-time":"2023-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675728000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]],"date-time":"2023-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The resilience construct is considered a personal trait composed of multiple aspects. Connor\u2013Davidson Resilience Scale is a standard tool composed of five factors and 25 items. This study aimed to determine the psychometric properties of this scale.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In this cross-sectional study, after the scale translation, the factorial structural validity was assessed via the confirmatory factor analysis with 70 180 samples. Internal consistency, composite reliability, convergent validity were assessed by calculating Cronbach\u2019s alpha, composite reliability, maximum reliability, and Average Variance Extracted. The discriminant validity was assessed using Heterotrait-monotrait ratio of correlations matrix and also, measure invariance was evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The original five-factor model had good model fit indices but due to low factor loading of item 2 and 20, the model was modified. The Cronbach\u2019s alpha and composite reliability for four factors were above 0.7 (except for factor 5). The convergent validity for all five factors were achieved. Between factors 1 with 2 and 4, 2 with 3 and 4 discriminant validity was not established (correlations\u2009&gt;\u20090.9) and the results suggested that there might be a second-order latent construct behind these factors. Therefore, a second-order assessment was performed. The results of the second-order latent construct assessment showed a good goodness-of fit and strong measurement invariance for both men and women.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The 23-item version of Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale is a reliable and valid scale to measure resilience as a complex construct in the Iran context.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-023-04580-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]],"date-time":"2023-02-07T02:03:14Z","timestamp":1675735394000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Psychometric evaluation of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale among Iranian population"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Hamid","family":"Sharif Nia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Long","family":"She","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Erika Sivarajan","family":"Froelicher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Mar\u00f4co","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mozhgan","family":"Moshtagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sima","family":"Hejazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"4580_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17051725","volume":"17","author":"J Knipscheer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Knipscheer J, Sleijpen M, Frank L, de Graaf R, Kleber R, ten Have M, et al. Prevalence of Potentially Traumatic Events, Other Life Events and Subsequent Reactions Indicative for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the Netherlands: A General Population Study Based on the Trauma Screening Questionnaire. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(5):1725. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17051725. (PubMed PMID).","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"issue":"9","key":"4580_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e04831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04831","volume":"6","author":"JJW Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu JJW, Reed M, Fung KP. Advancements to the Multi-System Model of Resilience: updates from empirical evidence. Heliyon. 2020;6(9):e04831.","journal-title":"Heliyon."},{"issue":"1","key":"4580_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-9-8","volume":"9","author":"G Windle","year":"2011","unstructured":"Windle G, Bennett KM, Noyes J. A methodological review of resilience measurement scales. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2011;9(1):8.","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes."},{"issue":"3","key":"4580_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1111\/papt.12185","volume":"92","author":"N Ayed","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ayed N, Toner S, Priebe S. Conceptualizing resilience in adult mental health literature: A systematic review and narrative synthesis. Psychol Psychother Theory Res Pract. 2019;92(3):299\u2013341.","journal-title":"Psychol Psychother Theory Res Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"4580_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1080\/17437190802298568","volume":"2","author":"AJ Zautra","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zautra AJ, Hall JS, Murray KE. The Resilience Solutions G. Resilience: a new integrative approach to health and mental health research. Health Psychol Rev. 2008;2(1):41\u201364.","journal-title":"Health Psychol Rev."},{"issue":"4","key":"4580_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.9790\/487X-1904032333","volume":"19","author":"I Salisu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Salisu I, Hashim N. A critical review of scales used in resilience research. IOSR J Bus Manag. 2017;19(4):23\u201333.","journal-title":"IOSR J Bus Manag"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"4580_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1177\/1473325020981088","volume":"20","author":"M Moshtagh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moshtagh M, Mirlashari J, Amiri R. Global collaboration and social practices to mitigate impacts of COVID-19 in the world: a lived experience of infecting. Qual Soc Work. 2021;20(1\u20132):366\u201374 (PubMed PMID: 34253980).","journal-title":"Qual Soc Work"},{"key":"4580_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671124","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.671124","volume":"12","author":"H Sharif Nia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sharif Nia H, Akhlaghi E, Torkian S, Khosravi V, Etesami R, Froelicher ES, et al. Predictors of Persistence of Anxiety, Hyperarousal Stress, and Resilience During the COVID-19 Epidemic: A National Study in Iran. Frontiers in psychology. 2021;12:671124 (PubMed PMID: 34658994. Pubmed Central PMCID: PMC8511821. Epub 2021\/10\/19. eng).","journal-title":"Frontiers in psychology."},{"issue":"5","key":"4580_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-019-0240-1","volume":"57","author":"H Kuiper","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kuiper H, van Leeuwen CCM, Stolwijk-Sw\u00fcste JM, Post MWM. Measuring resilience with the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC): which version to choose? Spinal Cord. 2019;57(5):360\u20136.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord."},{"key":"4580_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/0-306-47167-1_3","volume-title":"Resilience and Development: Positive Life Adaptations","author":"HB Kaplan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kaplan HB. Toward an Understanding of Resilience. In: Glantz MD, Johnson JL, editors. Resilience and Development: Positive Life Adaptations. Boston, MA: Springer, US; 2002. p. 17\u201383."},{"issue":"3","key":"4580_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579407000442","volume":"19","author":"AS Masten","year":"2007","unstructured":"Masten AS. Resilience in developing systems: Progress and promise as the fourth wave rises. Dev Psychopathol. 2007;19(3):921\u201330 (Epub 08\/20).","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"issue":"S1","key":"4580_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S92","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033733","volume":"6","author":"JS Robinson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Robinson JS, Larson CL, Cahill SP. Relations between resilience, positive and negative emotionality, and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Psychol Trauma Theory Res Pract Policy. 2014;6(S1):S92.","journal-title":"Psychol Trauma Theory Res Pract Policy"},{"key":"4580_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108632","volume":"221","author":"S Martinez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Martinez S, Jones JD, Brandt L, Hien D, Campbell ANC, Batchelder S, et al. Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC) in individuals with opioid use disorder. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2021;221:108632.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"issue":"6","key":"4580_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.21873\/invivo.11424","volume":"32","author":"E Tsigkaropoulou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tsigkaropoulou E, Douzenis A, Tsitas N, Ferentinos P, Liappas I, Michopoulos I. Greek Version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale: Psychometric Properties in a Sample of 546 Subjects. In Vivo. 2018;32(6):1629.","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"issue":"2","key":"4580_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1002\/da.10113","volume":"18","author":"KM Connor","year":"2003","unstructured":"Connor KM, Davidson JRT. Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depress Anxiety. 2003;18(2):76\u201382.","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"issue":"24","key":"4580_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3186","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200012150-00014","volume":"25","author":"DE Beaton","year":"2000","unstructured":"Beaton DE, Bombardier C, Guillemin F, Ferraz MB. Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2000;25(24):3186\u201391 (PubMed PMID: 11124735. eng).","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)."},{"key":"4580_CR17","volume-title":"Multivariat Data Analysis. 7th Editio ed: Pearson Education Limited","author":"JF Hair","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hair JF, Black WC, Babin BJ, Anderson RE. Multivariat Data Analysis. 7th Editio ed: Pearson Education Limited. 2014."},{"issue":"2","key":"4580_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.7748\/nr.2018.e1577","volume":"26","author":"SP Pahlevan Sharif","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pahlevan Sharif SP, Mostafiz I, Guptan V. A systematic review of structural equation modelling in nursing research. Nurse Res. 2019;26(2):28\u201331.","journal-title":"Nurse Res"},{"key":"4580_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770609","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.770609","volume":"12","author":"L She","year":"2021","unstructured":"She L, Ma L, Khoshnavay Fomani F. The Consideration of Future Consequences Scale Among Malaysian Young Adults: A Psychometric Evaluation. Frontiers in psychology. 2021;12:770609 (PubMed PMID: 34955987. Pubmed Central PMCID: PMC8695613. Epub 2021\/12\/28. eng.).","journal-title":"Frontiers in psychology."},{"issue":"1","key":"4580_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s11747-014-0403-8","volume":"43","author":"J Henseler","year":"2015","unstructured":"Henseler J, Ringle CM, Sarstedt M. A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. J Acad Market Sci. 2015;43(1):115\u201335.","journal-title":"J Acad Market Sci."},{"key":"4580_CR21","volume-title":"Principles and practice of structural equation modeling: Guilford publications","author":"RB Kline","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kline RB. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling: Guilford publications. 2015."},{"issue":"2","key":"4580_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM0902_5","volume":"9","author":"GW Cheung","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cheung GW, Rensvold RB. Evaluating Goodness-of-Fit Indexes for Testing Measurement Invariance. Structur Equation Model Multidisciplin J. 2002;9(2):233\u201355.","journal-title":"Structur Equation Model Multidisciplin J."},{"issue":"4","key":"4580_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1177\/0091415018815239","volume":"89","author":"A Yaghoobzadeh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yaghoobzadeh A, Pahlevan Sharif S, Ong FS, Soundy A, Sharif Nia H, Moradi Bagloee M, et al. Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Evaluation of the Herth Hope Index Within a Sample of Iranian Older Peoples. Int J Aging Human Dev. 2019;89(4):356\u201371.","journal-title":"Int J Aging Human Dev"},{"issue":"5","key":"4580_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3658","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-021-01384-6","volume":"60","author":"H Sharif Nia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sharif Nia H, She L, Fomani FK, Kaur H, S\u00e1nchez-Teruel D, Froelicher ES, et al. Psychometric Evaluation of the Persian Version of Religious Orientation Scale in Iranian Patients with Cancer. J Religion Health. 2021;60(5):3658\u201374.","journal-title":"J Religion Health."},{"issue":"3","key":"4580_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1002\/nop2.727","volume":"8","author":"P Rahmatpour","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rahmatpour P, Peyrovi H, Sharif Nia H. Development and psychometric evaluation of postgraduate nursing student academic satisfaction scale. Nursing Open. 2021;8(3):1145\u201356.","journal-title":"Nursing Open."},{"issue":"3","key":"4580_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00164","volume":"71","author":"SS Luthar","year":"2000","unstructured":"Luthar SS, Cicchetti D, Becker B. The Construct of Resilience: A Critical Evaluation and Guidelines for Future Work. Child Dev. 2000;71(3):543\u201362.","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"issue":"2","key":"4580_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.4103\/amhs.amhs_119_19","volume":"7","author":"S-LC Vella","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vella S-LC, Pai NB. A theoretical review of psychological resilience: Defining resilience and resilience research over the decades. Arch Med Health Sci. 2019;7(2):233.","journal-title":"Arch Med Health Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"4580_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgo.2013.07.009","volume":"5","author":"M Cohen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cohen M, Baziliansky S, Beny A. The association of resilience and age in individuals with colorectal cancer: an exploratory cross-sectional study. J Geriatr Oncol. 2014;5(1):33\u20139 (PubMed PMID: 24484716. Epub 20130910. eng).","journal-title":"J Geriatr Oncol."},{"key":"4580_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2020.110170","volume":"136","author":"P Linnemann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Linnemann P, Wellmann J, Berger K, Teismann H. Effects of age on trait resilience in a population-based cohort and two patient cohorts. J Psychosom Res. 2020;136:110170 (PubMed PMID: 32623191. Epub 20200612. eng).","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res."},{"key":"4580_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weitzel EC, Glaesmer H, Hinz A, Zeynalova S, Henger S, Engel C, et al. What Builds Resilience? Sociodemographic and Social Correlates in the Population-Based LIFE-Adult-Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(15):1\u201311. PubMed PMID: 35954965. Pubmed Central PMCID: PMC9368156. Epub 20220804. eng.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19159601"},{"issue":"12","key":"4580_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2009.01.013","volume":"43","author":"L Campbell-Sills","year":"2009","unstructured":"Campbell-Sills L, Forde DR, Stein MB. Demographic and childhood environmental predictors of resilience in a community sample. J Psychiatr Res. 2009;43(12):1007\u201312 (PubMed PMID: 19264325. Epub 20090304. eng).","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res."},{"key":"4580_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766261","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.766261","volume":"12","author":"A Chernova","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chernova A, Frajo-Apor B, Pardeller S, Tutzer F, Plattner B, Haring C, et al. The Mediating Role of Resilience and Extraversion on Psychological Distress and Loneliness Among the General Population of Tyrol, Austria Between the First and the Second Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:766261 (PubMed PMID: 34777068. Pubmed Central PMCID: PMC8578839. Epub 20211027. eng).","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"issue":"11","key":"4580_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0140322","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140322","volume":"10","author":"R-D Kocalevent","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kocalevent R-D, Zenger M, Heinen I, Dwinger S, Decker O, Br\u00e4hler E. Resilience in the General Population: Standardization of the Resilience Scale (RS-11). PLoS ONE. 2015;10(11):e0140322.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4580_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S226011","volume":"12","author":"R Singh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Singh R, Mahato S, Singh B, Thapa J, Gartland D. Resilience In Nepalese Adolescents: Socio-Demographic Factors Associated With Low Resilience. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2019;12:893\u2013902 (PubMed PMID: 31806987. Pubmed Central PMCID: PMC6844232. Epub 2019\/12\/07. eng).","journal-title":"J Multidiscip Healthc."},{"issue":"3","key":"4580_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1111\/inr.12441","volume":"65","author":"SY Ang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ang SY, Uthaman T, Ayre TC, Mordiffi SZ, Ang E, Lopez V. Association between demographics and resilience - a cross-sectional study among nurses in Singapore. Int Nurs Rev. 2018;65(3):459\u201366 (PubMed PMID: 29517143. Epub 20180308. eng).","journal-title":"Int Nurs Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"4580_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-011-0294-0","volume":"57","author":"L Perna","year":"2012","unstructured":"Perna L, Mielck A, Lacruz ME, Emeny RT, Holle R, Breitfelder A, et al. Socioeconomic position, resilience, and health behaviour among elderly people. Int J Public Health. 2012;57(2):341\u20139 (PubMed PMID: 21912944. Epub 20110913. eng).","journal-title":"Int J Public Health."},{"issue":"2","key":"4580_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.143","volume":"12","author":"O Friborg","year":"2003","unstructured":"Friborg O, Hjemdal O, Rosenvinge JH, Martinussen M. A new rating scale for adult resilience: what are the central protective resources behind healthy adjustment? Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2003;12(2):65\u201376 (PubMed PMID: 12830300. Pubmed Central PMCID: PMC6878238. Epub 2003\/06\/28. eng).","journal-title":"Int J Methods Psychiatr Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"4580_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1080\/10705500802222972","volume":"15","author":"BW Smith","year":"2008","unstructured":"Smith BW, Dalen J, Wiggins K, Tooley E, Christopher P, Bernard J. The brief resilience scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. Int J Behav Med. 2008;15(3):194\u2013200.","journal-title":"Int J Behav Med."},{"key":"4580_CR39","unstructured":"Ahangarzadeh Rezaei S, Rasoli M. Psychometric properties of the Persian version of \"Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale\" in adolescents with cancer. J Urmia Nurs Midwife Fac. 2015;13(9 (74))."},{"issue":"3","key":"4580_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2005.07.009","volume":"21","author":"NR Ahern","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ahern NR. Adolescent Resilience: An Evolutionary Concept Analysis. J Pediatr Nurs. 2006;21(3):175\u201385.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Nurs."},{"issue":"2","key":"4580_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2010.05.010","volume":"52","author":"X-n Yu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yu X-n, Lau JTF, Mak WWS, Zhang J, Lui WWS, Zhang J. Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale among Chinese adolescents. Compr Psychiatry. 2011;52(2):218\u201324.","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry."},{"issue":"7","key":"4580_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2007.08.006","volume":"46","author":"BM Gillespie","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gillespie BM, Chaboyer W, Wallis M. The influence of personal characteristics on the resilience of operating room nurses: A predictor study. Int J Nurs Stud. 2009;46(7):968\u201376.","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud."},{"issue":"1","key":"4580_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-017-1219-0","volume":"17","author":"L Wu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wu L, Tan Y, Liu Y. Factor structure and psychometric evaluation of the Connor-Davidson resilience scale in a new employee population of China. BMC Psychiatry. 2017;17(1):49.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry."},{"issue":"2","key":"4580_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2008.03.007","volume":"43","author":"AJ Lamond","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lamond AJ, Depp CA, Allison M, Langer R, Reichstadt J, Moore DJ, et al. Measurement and predictors of resilience among community-dwelling older women. J Psychiatr Res. 2008;43(2):148\u201354.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"4580_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.2224\/sbp.2007.35.1.19","volume":"35","author":"X Yu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yu X, Zhang J. Factor analysis and psychometric evaluation of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) with Chinese people. Soc Behav Personal Int J. 2007;35(1):19\u201330.","journal-title":"Soc Behav Personal Int J"},{"issue":"3","key":"4580_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2009.09.012","volume":"179","author":"\u00d6 Kara\u0131rmak","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kara\u0131rmak \u00d6. Establishing the psychometric qualities of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis in a trauma survivor sample. Psychiatry Res. 2010;179(3):350\u20136.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"4580_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1515\/IJAMH.2008.20.1.23","volume":"20","author":"IE Jorgensen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jorgensen IE, Seedat S. Factor structure of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale in South African adolescents. Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2008;20(1):23\u201332.","journal-title":"Int J Adolesc Med Health."},{"issue":"4","key":"4580_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191114524014","volume":"21","author":"KT Green","year":"2014","unstructured":"Green KT, Hayward LC, Williams AM, Dennis PA, Bryan BC, Taber KH, et al. Examining the Factor Structure of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) in a Post-9\/11 U.S. Military Veteran Sample. Assessment. 2014;21(4):443\u201351.","journal-title":"Assessment."}],"container-title":["BMC Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12888-023-04580-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12888-023-04580-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12888-023-04580-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]],"date-time":"2024-01-25T12:44:53Z","timestamp":1706186693000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12888-023-04580-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4580"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-023-04580-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-244X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-244X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 October 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 February 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 February 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The questionnaires were completed anonymously, and the participants were assured about the confidentiality of their information. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects or their legal guardian. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. The Ethics Committee of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences (IR.MAZUMS.REC.1401.238) approved this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"92"}}