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This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the Lights4Violence program in reducing machismo and AV in secondary school students from different European cities.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Quasi-experimental longitudinal study using a convenience sample of 1,146 high school students from different European cities (12\u201317\u00a0years old) including 575 intervention group students (59.1% girls) and 571 control group students (62.7% girls). We performed linear regression models to identify the effect of the intervention, modelling the difference in means in machismo and AV (dependent variables) between wave-2 and wave-1.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>An interaction was identified between the group variable and the empathy variable. In wave-2, girls with high empathy at baseline in the intervention group obtained lower mean AV scores (\u03b2: -0.131; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.004). However, the boys in the intervention group (reference: control group) with low empathy at baseline registered a significant increase in the mean values of machismo (\u03b2: 0.247; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The importance of empathy is shown in the effectiveness of interventions to reduce machismo and AV in adolescents. While the Lights4Violence program focuses on promoting healthy relationships, there were some controversial results. It is possible that some children, especially those with less empathy, may have felt \u201cchallenged\u201d during the intervention and\/or assessment. This suggests the need for the development of interventions that also consider psychological processes and integrate the promotion of positive expressions of masculinity.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-12770-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]],"date-time":"2022-03-03T18:02:31Z","timestamp":1646330551000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Evaluation of the lights4violence program: reduction in machismo and acceptance of violence among adolescents in Europe"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Vanesa","family":"P\u00e9rez-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bel\u00e9n","family":"Sanz-Barbero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rosario","family":"Ferrer-Cascales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Bowes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alba","family":"Ayala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"S\u00e1nchez-SanSegundo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Albaladejo-Bl\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nicoletta","family":"Rosati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Cristina Pereira","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Jankowiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sylwia","family":"Jaskulska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Waszy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Vives-Cases","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"12770_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-751","volume":"14","author":"H Stockl","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stockl H, March L, Pallitto C, et al. 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Maia, Universitatea de Medicina si Farmacie Grigore T. Popa and Adam Mickiewicz University. Waivers were obteined from the Libera Universita Maria SS. Assunta of Rome and the Cardiff Metropolitan University. These ethics approvals\/waivers covered the individual schools where we are going to perform our intervention. It was also registered in ClinicalTrials.gov by the coordinator (Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03411564. Unique Protocol ID: 776905. Date registered: 18-01-2018).Written informed consent was obtained from all participants and their parent\/legal guardian.All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All partners asked parents and children to provide a signed informed consent to publish and share all the project results for non-commercial purposes and without any kind of modification. They assured that the dissemination of these results will be carried out giving appropriate credit and providing a link to the creative commons license (Attribution & Non-commercial & Non-derivate Creative Commons License: ).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"426"}}