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Participants had not received any doses of vaccination against the disease. A total of five focus group sessions were conducted with 28 participants. They were recruited by snowball sampling and by convenience sampling.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The two major topics mentioned by the participants were adverse effects and information. The adverse effects described were severe and included sudden death. In the case of information, participants reported: (1) consultation of websites on which scientists posted anti-vaccination content; and (2) distrust.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>At a time when anti-vaccine groups pose a major challenge to public health in general, and to COVID-19 vaccination campaigns in particular, this study is a first step towards gaining deeper insight into the factors that lead to COVID-19 vaccine refusal.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-18864-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T19:01:43Z","timestamp":1719860503000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Unmasking vaccine hesitancy and refusal: a deep dive into Anti-vaxxer perspectives on COVID-19 in Spain"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4066-7718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1ngela","family":"Prieto-Campo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5306-9587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olalla","family":"V\u00e1zquez-Cancela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0169-3788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1tima","family":"Roque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0500-4049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Teresa","family":"Herdeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5766-8672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adolfo","family":"Figueiras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0648-7716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maruxa","family":"Zapata-Cachafeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"18864_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nomura S, Eguchi A, Yoneoka D, Murakami M, Ghaznavi C, Gilmour S et al. 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