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Logistic regression examined cross-sectional associations of N-score with socioeconomic characteristics and prevalence of mental and general health conditions, while Cox regression assessed prospective associations of N-score with incidence of major diseases identified through linkage to electronic health registries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mean N-score was 2.52 and was higher in women and urban residents, with a clear downward trend with age. A higher N-score was strongly associated with socioeconomic disadvantage, including not being in marriage and having a lower level of household income. Compared with participants with an N-score of 0, those with an N-score\u2009\u2265\u20094 had a higher prevalence of mental health problems and poor general health, with adjusted risk ratios ranging from 1.52 to 41.01. Prospectively, a higher N-score was significantly associated with higher risks of ischaemic heart disease, stroke, mental and behavioural disorders, and nervous and digestive system diseases (hazard ratios 1.17\u20131.81 for the highest versus lowest N-score group).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neuroticism showed substantial sociodemographic patterning and was associated with a broad range of mental and physical health outcomes. These findings highlight its potential relevance to population health and risk stratification.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-026-29670-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T13:43:53Z","timestamp":1790948633000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Patterns and health relevance of neuroticism in Chinese men and women: evidence from the China Kadoorie 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