{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T03:57:00Z","timestamp":1773115020240,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,11]],"date-time":"2019-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568160000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,11]],"date-time":"2019-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Pulm Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Wheezes and crackles are well-known signs of lung diseases, but can also be heard in apparently healthy adults. However, their prevalence in a general population has been sparsely described. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of wheezes and crackles in a large general adult population and explore associations with self-reported disease, smoking status and lung function.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We recorded lung sounds in 4033 individuals 40\u2009years or older and collected information on self-reported disease. Pulse oximetry and spirometry were carried out. We estimated age-standardized prevalence of wheezes and crackles and associations between wheezes and crackles and variables of interest were analyzed with univariable and multivariable logistic regressions.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Twenty-eight percent of individuals had wheezes or crackles. The age-standardized prevalence of wheezes was 18.6% in women and 15.3% in men, and of crackles, 10.8 and 9.4%, respectively. Wheezes were mostly found during expiration and crackles during inspiration. Significant predictors of expiratory wheezes in multivariable analyses were age (10\u2009years increase - OR 1.18, 95%CI 1.09\u20131.30), female gender (1.45, 1.2\u20131.8), self-reported asthma (1.36, 1.00\u20131.83), and current smoking (1.70, 1.28\u20132.23). The most important predictors of inspiratory crackles were age (1.76, 1.57\u20131.99), current smoking, (1.94, 1.40\u20132.69), mMRC <jats:bold>\u2265<\/jats:bold>2 (1.79, 1.18\u20132.65), SpO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (0.88, 0.81\u20130.96), and FEV<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> Z-score (0.86, 0.77\u20130.95).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Nearly over a quarter of adults present adventitious lung sounds on auscultation. Age was the most important predictor of adventitious sounds, particularly crackles. The adventitious sounds were also associated with self-reported disease, current smoking and measures of lung function. The presence of findings in two or more auscultation sites was associated with a higher risk of decreased lung function than solitary findings.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-019-0928-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,11]],"date-time":"2019-09-11T15:02:57Z","timestamp":1568214177000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Prevalence and clinical associations of wheezes and crackles in the general population: the Troms\u00f8 study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"J. 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