{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,26]],"date-time":"2025-04-26T10:10:07Z","timestamp":1745662207350,"version":"3.40.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,26]],"date-time":"2025-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745625600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,26]],"date-time":"2025-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004047","name":"Karolinska Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004047","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Pulm Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Early in the pandemic, corticosteroids became standard treatment for patients with critical COVID-19 infections. This study aimed to investigate the possible long-term pulmonary consequences after corticosteroid treatment in patients with critical COVID-19 requiring ventilatory support.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This observational single-center cohort study included patients treated for critical COVID-19 requiring ventilatory support between March 1, 2020, and August 1, 2021, with a 6-month follow-up after discharge from the intensive care unit. Corticosteroid treatment was defined according to the RECOVERY trial (6\u00a0mg dexamethasone daily or equivalent dose of another corticosteroid, initiated within eight days of hospital admittance and continued for at least one day) Pulmonary function was assessed by diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide. Health-related quality of life was measured with the questionnaire RAND-36. General linear regression was used to present mean score differences with 95% confidence intervals.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Among the 456 (69%) critically ill COVID-19 patients who survived at least 90 days after ICU discharge, 286 (63%) attended the follow-up six months later. The groups were balanced regarding invasive ventilation; 47% received invasive ventilation in both groups. Corticosteroid treatment was associated with a lower diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide (MSD \u2212\u20098.3, 95% CI: -14.2 to -2.4) 6 months after ICU discharge (change\u2009&gt;\u200910% were regarded as clinically significant). There were no differences in health-related quality of life between the groups.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Corticosteroids might negatively impact pulmonary function after critical COVID-19. The decrease did not seem to influence health-related quality of life. Future studies are needed to confirm the results.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-025-03659-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,26]],"date-time":"2025-04-26T09:56:15Z","timestamp":1745661375000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Corticosteroids and long-term pulmonary function after critical illness due to COVID-19\u2013 a single-center cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Mari","family":"Ro\u00ebl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Schandl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Jonmarker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anders","family":"Hedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gisela","family":"Vogel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Joelsson-Alm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Cronhjort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pernilla","family":"Darlington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"3659_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2020.106239","volume":"176","author":"SS Batah","year":"2021","unstructured":"Batah SS, Fabro AT. Pulmonary pathology of ARDS in COVID-19: A pathological review for clinicians. Respir Med. 2021;176:106239.","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"13","key":"3659_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.17023","volume":"324","author":"WHOREAC-TW Group","year":"2020","unstructured":"Group WHOREAC-TW, Sterne JAC, Murthy S, Diaz JV, Slutsky AS, Villar J, et al. Association between administration of systemic corticosteroids and mortality among critically ill patients with COVID-19: A Meta-analysis. JAMA. 2020;324(13):1330\u201341.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"11","key":"3659_CR3","first-page":"CD014963","volume":"11","author":"C Wagner","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wagner C, Griesel M, Mikolajewska A, Metzendorf MI, Fischer AL, Stegemann M, et al. Systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of COVID-19: Equity-related analyses and update on evidence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022;11(11):CD014963.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"3659_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1177\/08971900211048139","volume":"36","author":"S Nhean","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nhean S, Varela ME, Nguyen YN, Juarez A, Huynh T, Udeh D, et al. COVID-19: A review of potential treatments (Corticosteroids, Remdesivir, Tocilizumab, Bamlanivimab\/Etesevimab, and Casirivimab\/Imdevimab) and Pharmacological considerations. J Pharm Pract. 2023;36(2):407\u201317.","journal-title":"J Pharm Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"3659_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/crj.13453","volume":"16","author":"G Hanna","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hanna G, Bankler S, Schandl A, Ro\u00ebl M, Hedman A, Andersson Franko M, et al. The role of ventilatory support for long-term outcomes after critical infection with COVID-19: A prospective cohort study. Clin Respir J. 2022;16(1):63\u201371.","journal-title":"Clin Respir J"},{"issue":"9","key":"3659_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.13939","volume":"65","author":"A Schandl","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schandl A, Hedman A, Lynga P, Fathi Tachinabad S, Svefors J, Roel M, et al. Long-term consequences in critically ill COVID-19 patients: A prospective cohort study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2021;65(9):1285\u201392.","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"issue":"10270","key":"3659_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32656-8","volume":"397","author":"C Huang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huang C, Huang L, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Gu X, et al. 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study. Lancet. 2021;397(10270):220\u201332.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"3659_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e826","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab103","volume":"73","author":"KB Jacobson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jacobson KB, Rao M, Bonilla H, Subramanian A, Hack I, Madrigal M, et al. Patients with uncomplicated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have Long-Term persistent symptoms and functional impairment similar to patients with severe COVID-19: A cautionary Tale during a global pandemic. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;73(3):e826\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"3659_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.02.062","volume":"160","author":"J Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez J, Ben\u00edtez ID, Carmona P, Santisteve S, Monge A, Moncus\u00ed-Moix A, et al. Pulmonary function and radiologic features in survivors of critical COVID-19: A 3-Month prospective cohort. Chest. 2021;160(1):187\u201398.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"1","key":"3659_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1080\/14756366.2022.2081847","volume":"37","author":"M Pavan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pavan M, Bassani D, Sturlese M, Moro S. From the Wuhan-Hu-1 strain to the XD and XE variants: is targeting the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein still a pharmaceutically relevant option against COVID-19? J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. 2022;37(1):1704\u201314.","journal-title":"J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem"},{"key":"3659_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100243","volume":"11","author":"R Carbonell","year":"2021","unstructured":"Carbonell R, Urgeles S, Rodriguez A, Bodi M, Martin-Loeches I, Sole-Violan J, et al. Mortality comparison between the first and second\/third waves among 3,795 critical COVID-19 patients with pneumonia admitted to the ICU: A multicentre retrospective cohort study. Lancet Reg Health Eur. 2021;11:100243.","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur"},{"key":"3659_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2022.154014","volume":"69","author":"LF Reyes","year":"2022","unstructured":"Reyes LF, Rodriguez A, Bastidas A, Parra-Tanoux D, Fuentes YV, Garc\u00eda-Gallo E, et al. Dexamethasone as risk-factor for ICU-acquired respiratory tract infections in severe COVID-19. J Crit Care. 2022;69:154014.","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"3659_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2021436","volume":"384","author":"RC Group","year":"2021","unstructured":"Group RC, Horby P, Lim WS, Emberson JR, Mafham M, Bell JL, et al. Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(8):693\u2013704.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"3659_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaudhuri D, Sasaki K, Karkar A, Sharif S, Lewis K, Mammen MJ et al. Corticosteroids in COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 ARDS: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 47. United States2021. pp. 521\u2013\u200937.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06394-2"},{"issue":"12","key":"3659_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjae.2023.08.005","volume":"23","author":"D Jayasimhan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jayasimhan D, Matthay MA. Corticosteroids in adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome and severe pneumonia. BJA Educ. 2023;23(12):456\u201363.","journal-title":"BJA Educ"},{"issue":"4","key":"3659_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008","volume":"61","author":"E von Elm","year":"2008","unstructured":"von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, G\u00f8tzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP, et al. The strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. J Clin Epidemiol. 2008;61(4):344\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3659_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e044486","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-044486","volume":"11","author":"P Svensson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Svensson P, Hofmann R, H\u00e4bel H, Jernberg T, Nordberg P. Association between cardiometabolic disease and severe COVID-19: a nationwide case-control study of patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation. BMJ Open. 2021;11(2):e044486.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"10","key":"3659_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-005-2762-6","volume":"31","author":"PG Metnitz","year":"2005","unstructured":"Metnitz PG, Moreno RP, Almeida E, Jordan B, Bauer P, Campos RA, et al. SAPS 3\u2013From evaluation of the patient to evaluation of the intensive care unit. Part 1: objectives, methods and cohort description. Intensive Care Med. 2005;31(10):1336\u201344.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"3659_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graham BL, Brusasco V, Burgos F, Cooper BG, Jensen R, Kendrick A et al. 2017 ERS\/ATS standards for single-breath carbon monoxide uptake in the lung. Eur Respir J. 2017;49(1).","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00016-2016"},{"issue":"3","key":"3659_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.3109\/03009738609178670","volume":"91","author":"H Hedenstrom","year":"1986","unstructured":"Hedenstrom H, Malmberg P, Fridriksson HV. Reference values for lung function tests in men: regression equations with smoking variables. Ups J Med Sci. 1986;91(3):299\u2013310.","journal-title":"Ups J Med Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"3659_CR21","first-page":"551","volume":"21","author":"H Hedenstrom","year":"1985","unstructured":"Hedenstrom H, Malmberg P, Agarwal K. Reference values for lung function tests in females. Regression equations with smoking variables. Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir. 1985;21(6):551\u20137.","journal-title":"Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir"},{"issue":"3","key":"3659_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.4730020305","volume":"2","author":"RD Hays","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hays RD, Sherbourne CD, Mazel RM. The RAND 36-Item health survey 1.0. Health Econ. 1993;2(3):217\u201327.","journal-title":"Health Econ"},{"issue":"1","key":"3659_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s41687-018-0030-0","volume":"2","author":"L Orwelius","year":"2017","unstructured":"Orwelius L, Nilsson M, Nilsson E, Wenemark M, Walfridsson U, Lundstrom M, et al. The Swedish RAND-36 health Survey - reliability and responsiveness assessed in patient populations using Svensson\u2019s method for paired ordinal data. J Patient Rep Outcomes. 2017;2(1):4.","journal-title":"J Patient Rep Outcomes"},{"issue":"1","key":"3659_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s41687-021-00331-z","volume":"5","author":"E Ohlsson-Nevo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ohlsson-Nevo E, Hiyoshi A, Nor\u00e9n P, M\u00f6ller M, Karlsson J. The Swedish RAND-36: psychometric characteristics and reference data from the Mid-Swed health survey. J Patient Rep Outcomes. 2021;5(1):66.","journal-title":"J Patient Rep Outcomes"},{"issue":"2","key":"3659_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2006.01225.x","volume":"51","author":"I Khoudri","year":"2007","unstructured":"Khoudri I, Ali Zeggwagh A, Abidi K, Madani N, Abouqal R. Measurement properties of the short form 36 and health-related quality of life after intensive care in Morocco. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2007;51(2):189\u201397.","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"issue":"11","key":"3659_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3599","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200011000-00006","volume":"28","author":"DK Heyland","year":"2000","unstructured":"Heyland DK, Hopman W, Coo H, Tranmer J, McColl MA. Long-term health-related quality of life in survivors of sepsis. Short form 36: a valid and reliable measure of health-related quality of life. Crit Care Med. 2000;28(11):3599\u2013605.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"3659_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00035205","volume":"26","author":"R Pellegrino","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pellegrino R, Viegi G, Brusasco V, Crapo RO, Burgos F, Casaburi R, et al. Interpretative strategies for lung function tests. Eur Respir J. 2005;26(5):948\u201368.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"2","key":"3659_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.2165\/00019053-199915020-00003","volume":"15","author":"G Samsa","year":"1999","unstructured":"Samsa G, Edelman D, Rothman ML, Williams GR, Lipscomb J, Matchar D. Determining clinically important differences in health status measures: a general approach with illustration to the health utilities index mark II. PharmacoEconomics. 1999;15(2):141\u201355.","journal-title":"PharmacoEconomics"},{"issue":"1","key":"3659_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6553","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-32265-5","volume":"13","author":"LF Reyes","year":"2023","unstructured":"Reyes LF, Rodriguez A, Fuentes YV, Duque S, Garc\u00eda-Gallo E, Bastidas A, et al. Risk factors for developing ventilator-associated lower respiratory tract infection in patients with severe COVID-19: a multinational, multicentre study, prospective, observational study. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):6553.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"3659_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13642","volume":"294","author":"R Menendez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Menendez R, Mendez R, Latorre A, Gonzalez-Jimenez P, Peces-Barba G, Molina M, et al. Residual pulmonary infiltrates, symptoms and diffusion impairment at 1-year after severe COVID-19 infection have different associated factors. J Intern Med. 2023;294(1):69\u201382.","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"3659_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758405","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.758405","volume":"8","author":"C Barros","year":"2021","unstructured":"Barros C, Freire RS, Frota E, Rezende Santos AG, Farias MEL, Rodrigues MGA, et al. Short-Course of Methylprednisolone improves respiratory functional parameters after 120 days in hospitalized COVID-19 patients (Metcovid Trial): A Randomized Clinical Trial. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:758405.","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"3659_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dusart C, Smet J, Chirumberro A, Andre S, Roman A, Claus M et al. Pulmonary functional outcomes at 3 months in critical COVID-19 survivors hospitalized during the first, second, and third pandemic waves. J Clin Med. 2023;12(11).","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12113712"},{"issue":"5","key":"3659_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resinv.2016.03.006","volume":"54","author":"P Enright Md","year":"2016","unstructured":"Enright Md P. Office-based DLCO tests help pulmonologists to make important clinical decisions. Respir Investig. 2016;54(5):305\u201311.","journal-title":"Respir Investig"},{"issue":"20","key":"3659_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.03.061","volume":"40","author":"C Isitt","year":"2022","unstructured":"Isitt C, Sj\u00f6holm D, Hergens MP, Granath F, Naucl\u00e9r P. The early impact of vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 in region Stockholm, Sweden. Vaccine. 2022;40(20):2823\u20137.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"2","key":"3659_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1777797","volume":"45","author":"D Calabretta","year":"2024","unstructured":"Calabretta D, Mart\u00ecn-Loeches I, Torres A. New guidelines for severe Community-acquired pneumonia. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2024;45(2):274\u201386.","journal-title":"Semin Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"3659_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1177\/08850666231177200","volume":"38","author":"A Tekin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tekin A, Domecq JP, Valencia Morales DJ, Surapeneni KM, Zabolotskikh IB, Cartin-Ceba R, et al. Biomarker-Concordant steroid administration in severe coronavirus Disease-2019. J Intensive Care Med. 2023;38(11):1003\u201314.","journal-title":"J Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"3659_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2004.07.006","volume":"31","author":"N Lee","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lee N, Allen Chan KC, Hui DS, Ng EK, Wu A, Chiu RW, et al. Effects of early corticosteroid treatment on plasma SARS-associated coronavirus RNA concentrations in adult patients. J Clin Virol. 2004;31(4):304\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"issue":"6","key":"3659_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201706-1172OC","volume":"197","author":"YM Arabi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Arabi YM, Mandourah Y, Al-Hameed F, Sindi AA, Almekhlafi GA, Hussein MA, et al. Corticosteroid therapy for critically ill patients with middle East respiratory syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;197(6):757\u201367.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"3659_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30196-1","volume":"20","author":"KK To","year":"2020","unstructured":"To KK, Tsang OT, Leung WS, Tam AR, Wu TC, Lung DC, et al. Temporal profiles of viral load in posterior oropharyngeal saliva samples and serum antibody responses during infection by SARS-CoV-2: an observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(5):565\u201374.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"3659_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-024-00748-w","volume":"12","author":"JC Berentschot","year":"2024","unstructured":"Berentschot JC, Bek LM, Heijenbrok-Kal MH, van Bommel J, Ribbers GM, Aerts J, et al. Long-term health outcomes of COVID-19 in ICU- and non-ICU-treated patients up to 2 years after hospitalization: a longitudinal cohort study (CO-FLOW). J Intensive Care. 2024;12(1):47.","journal-title":"J Intensive Care"},{"issue":"7","key":"3659_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e071394","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-071394","volume":"13","author":"P Darlington","year":"2023","unstructured":"Darlington P, Ro\u00ebl M, Cronhjort M, Hanna G, Hedman A, Joelsson-Alm E, et al. Comparing severe COVID-19 outcomes of first and second\/third waves: a prospective single-centre cohort study of health-related quality of life and pulmonary outcomes 6 months after infection. BMJ Open. 2023;13(7):e071394.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"}],"container-title":["BMC Pulmonary Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12890-025-03659-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12890-025-03659-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12890-025-03659-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,26]],"date-time":"2025-04-26T09:56:23Z","timestamp":1745661383000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpulmmed.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12890-025-03659-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,26]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3659"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12890-025-03659-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2466"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2466","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 April 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Study approval was granted from the Swedish Ethical Review Authority (Dnr 2020\u201303760, 2020\u201306106 and 2022-03531-02). The study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all included participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"201"}}