{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T14:34:37Z","timestamp":1761921277098,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719964800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Women's Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Period poverty is a significant issue that impacts the physical and psychological well-being of menstruators worldwide which can further contribute to poor mental health outcomes. For menstruators living in refugee camps, access to menstrual hygiene products is often limited or non-existent, leading to increased anxiety, shame, and embarrassment. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of the period poverty and to comprehensively analyze the association between period poverty, reusing menstrual products, and depressive symptoms among menstruators living in refugee camps in Jordan.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A cross-sectional study surveyed refugee menstruators living in camps in Jordan, aged post-menarche to pre-menopause. Data collection included socio-demographics, menstrual practices, and depressive symptoms using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Period poverty was assessed through affordability and frequency of struggles with menstrual products. Chi-squared test, independent sample t-test, One Way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Post hoc, and logistic regression models were used in the analysis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The study included a diverse sample of 386 refugee menstruators living in camps in Jordan (mean age 32.43\u2009\u00b1\u20099.95, age range 13\u201355). Period poverty was highly prevalent, with 42.0% reporting monthly struggles to afford menstrual products, and 71.5% reusing menstrual products. Univariate analysis revealed that experiencing period poverty was significantly associated with a younger age of marriage, increased number of children, lower education level, lower mother and father education levels, unemployment, decreased monthly income, absence of health insurance, lower reuse need score, and increased PHQ-9 score (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Menstruators experiencing monthly period poverty were 2.224 times more likely to report moderate to severe depression compared to those without period poverty (95% CI 1.069\u20134.631, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.033).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study highlights a significant association between period poverty and depressive symptoms among refugee menstruators in living in camps in Jordan, as high rates of period poverty were associated with a 2.2-fold increased likelihood of reporting moderate to severe depression. Addressing period poverty in refugee settings is crucial for mitigating depression risks and enhancing overall well-being.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-024-03193-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T06:03:44Z","timestamp":1719986624000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Period poverty, reuse needs, and depressive symptoms among refugee menstruators in Jordan\u2019s camps: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Nadia","family":"Muhaidat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Joud Al","family":"Karmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Abdulrahman M.","family":"Karam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Farah","family":"Abushaikha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3806-2859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Ali","family":"Alshrouf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7967","key":"3193_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-023-02098-3","volume":"618","author":"No authors listed","year":"2023","unstructured":"No authors listed. A decades-long decline in extreme poverty has gone into reverse \u2014 here\u2019s how to fix things. Nature. 2023;618(7967):886\u2013886.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"3193_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.4082\/kjfm.22.0206","volume":"44","author":"H Jaafar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jaafar H, Ismail SY, Azzeri A. Period poverty: a neglected Public Health Issue. Korean J Fam Med. 2023;44(4):183\u20138.","journal-title":"Korean J Fam Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"3193_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1080\/03630242.2021.1970502","volume":"61","author":"MM Carneiro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Carneiro MM. Menstrual poverty: enough is enough. Women Health. 2021;61(8):721\u20132.","journal-title":"Women Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"3193_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e213089","DOI":"10.1001\/jamahealthforum.2021.3089","volume":"2","author":"M Sommer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sommer M, Mason DJ. Period poverty and promoting Menstrual Equity. JAMA Health Forum. 2021;2(8):e213089.","journal-title":"JAMA Health Forum"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Casola AR, Luber K, Riley AH. Period poverty: an epidemiologic and Biopsychosocial Analysis. Health Promot Pract. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15248399231192998.","key":"3193_CR5","DOI":"10.1177\/15248399231192998"},{"unstructured":"Tingle C, Vora S. Break the barriers: Girls\u2019 Experiences of menstruation in the UK. Plan international UK. 2018.","key":"3193_CR6"},{"issue":"6","key":"3193_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0130777","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130777","volume":"10","author":"P Das","year":"2015","unstructured":"Das P, Baker KK, Dutta A, Swain T, Sahoo S, Das BS, et al. Menstrual Hygiene practices, WASH Access and the risk of Urogenital Infection in women from Odisha, India. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(6):e0130777.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"3193_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1177\/097206340400700103","volume":"7","author":"A Khanna","year":"2005","unstructured":"Khanna A, Goyal RS, Bhawsar R. Menstrual practices and Reproductive problems: a study of adolescent girls in Rajasthan. J Health Manage. 2005;7(1):91\u2013107.","journal-title":"J Health Manage"},{"key":"3193_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-016-0379-8","volume":"15","author":"M Sommer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sommer M, Chandraratna S, Cavill S, Mahon T, Phillips-Howard P. Managing menstruation in the workplace: an overlooked issue in low- and middle-income countries. Int J Equity Health. 2016;15:86.","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"3193_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1080\/26410397.2021.1915940","volume":"29","author":"J Hennegan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hennegan J, OlaOlorun FM, Oumarou S, Alzouma S, Guiella G, Omoluabi E, et al. School and work absenteeism due to menstruation in three west African countries: findings from PMA2020 surveys. Sex Reproductive Health Matters. 2021;29(1):409\u201324.","journal-title":"Sex Reproductive Health Matters"},{"issue":"12","key":"3193_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13159","volume":"23","author":"J Davis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Davis J, Macintyre A, Odagiri M, Suriastini W, Cordova A, Huggett C, et al. Menstrual hygiene management and school absenteeism among adolescent students in Indonesia: evidence from a cross-sectional school-based survey. Trop Med Int Health. 2018;23(12):1350\u201363.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rohatgi A, Dash S. Period poverty and mental health of menstruators during COVID-19 pandemic: Lessons and implications for the future. Frontiers in Global Women\u2019s Health. 2023 [cited 2024 Jan 10];4. https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fgwh.2023.1128169","key":"3193_CR12","DOI":"10.3389\/fgwh.2023.1128169"},{"issue":"1","key":"3193_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-020-01149-5","volume":"21","author":"LF Cardoso","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cardoso LF, Scolese AM, Hamidaddin A, Gupta J. Period poverty and mental health implications among college-aged women in the United States. BMC Women\u2019s Health. 2021;21(1):14.","journal-title":"BMC Women\u2019s Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"3193_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1080\/07399332.2022.2070625","volume":"44","author":"B Gouvernet","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gouvernet B, Sebbe F, Chapillon P, Rezrazi A, Brisson J. Period poverty and mental health in times of Covid-19 in France. Health Care Women Int. 2023;44(5):657\u201369.","journal-title":"Health Care Women Int"},{"unstructured":"Jordan | UNHCR. [cited 2024 Jan 10]. https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/countries\/jordan","key":"3193_CR15"},{"unstructured":"UNRWA. [cited 2024 Jan 10]. Jordan. https:\/\/www.unrwa.org\/where-we-work\/jordan","key":"3193_CR16"},{"issue":"1","key":"3193_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2111793","DOI":"10.1080\/26410397.2022.2111793","volume":"30","author":"R Ghandour","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ghandour R, Hammoudeh W, Giacaman R, Holmboe-Ottesen G, Fjeld HE. Coming of age: a qualitative study of adolescent girls\u2019 menstrual preparedness in Palestinian refugee camps in the West Bank and Jordan. Sex Reproductive Health Matters. 2022;30(1):2111793.","journal-title":"Sex Reproductive Health Matters"},{"issue":"8","key":"3193_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.5688\/aj7308142","volume":"73","author":"JR Draugalis","year":"2009","unstructured":"Draugalis JR, Plaza CM. Best practices for survey research reports revisited: implications of target population, probability sampling, and response rate. Am J Pharm Educ. 2009;73(8):142.","journal-title":"Am J Pharm Educ"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma S, Mudgal S, Thakur K, Gaur R. How to calculate sample size for observational and experiential nursing research studies? Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol. 2019;(0):1.","key":"3193_CR19","DOI":"10.5455\/njppp.2020.10.0930717102019"},{"key":"3193_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s12991-017-0155-1","volume":"16","author":"AN AlHadi","year":"2017","unstructured":"AlHadi AN, AlAteeq DA, Al-Sharif E, Bawazeer HM, Alanazi H, AlShomrani AT, et al. An arabic translation, reliability, and validation of Patient Health Questionnaire in a Saudi sample. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2017;16:32.","journal-title":"Ann Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"3193_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e034461","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-034461","volume":"10","author":"J Hennegan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hennegan J, Nansubuga A, Smith C, Redshaw M, Akullo A, Schwab KJ. Measuring menstrual hygiene experience: development and validation of the menstrual practice needs scale (MPNS-36) in Soroti, Uganda. BMJ Open. 2020;10(2):e034461.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"4 Suppl 2","key":"3193_CR22","first-page":"81","volume":"31","author":"AB Comfort","year":"2013","unstructured":"Comfort AB, Peterson LA, Hatt LE. Effect of health insurance on the use and provision of maternal health services and maternal and neonatal health outcomes: a systematic review. J Health Popul Nutr. 2013;31(4 Suppl 2):81\u2013105.","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr"},{"issue":"8","key":"3193_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0219731","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0219731","volume":"14","author":"D Erlangga","year":"2019","unstructured":"Erlangga D, Suhrcke M, Ali S, Bloor K. The impact of public health insurance on health care utilisation, financial protection and health status in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(8):e0219731.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"3193_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-023-02328-w","volume":"23","author":"M Mar\u00ed-Klose","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mar\u00ed-Klose M, Juli\u00e0 A, Escapa S, Gallo P. Period poverty and mental health in a representative sample of young women in Barcelona, Spain. BMC Womens Health. 2023;23(1):201.","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"3193_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2005.04.014","volume":"61","author":"CM Heflin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Heflin CM, Siefert K, Williams DR. Food insufficiency and women\u2019s mental health: findings from a 3-year panel of welfare recipients. Soc Sci Med. 2005;61(9):1971\u201382.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"3193_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-016-1249-9","volume":"51","author":"L Pryor","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pryor L, Lioret S, van der Waerden J, Fombonne \u00c9, Falissard B, Melchior M. Food insecurity and mental health problems among a community sample of young adults. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2016;51(8):1073\u201381.","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stahre M, VanEenwyk J, Siegel P, Njai R. Housing Insecurity and the Association With Health Outcomes and Unhealthy Behaviors, Washington State, 2011. Prev Chronic Dis. 2015;12:E109.","key":"3193_CR27","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd12.140511"},{"issue":"12","key":"3193_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2012.08.020","volume":"75","author":"SA Burgard","year":"2012","unstructured":"Burgard SA, Seefeldt KS, Zelner S. Housing instability and health: findings from the Michigan recession and recovery study. Soc Sci Med. 2012;75(12):2215\u201324.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"3193_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1730964","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1730964","volume":"2018","author":"R Kaur","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kaur R, Kaur K, Kaur R. Menstrual Hygiene, Management, and Waste Disposal: practices and challenges faced by Girls\/Women of developing countries. J Environ Public Health. 2018;2018:1730964.","journal-title":"J Environ Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"3193_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-021-01285-7","volume":"18","author":"RE Soeiro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Soeiro RE, Rocha L, Surita FG, Bahamondes L, Costa ML. Period poverty: menstrual health hygiene issues among adolescent and young Venezuelan migrant women at the northwestern border of Brazil. Reprod Health. 2021;18(1):238.","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"unstructured":"Period Products (Free Provision). (Scotland) Act 2021: Equality Impact Assessment. [cited 2024 May 30]. http:\/\/www.gov.scot\/publications\/period-products-free-provision-scotland-act-2021-equality-impact-assessment\/","key":"3193_CR31"},{"key":"3193_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174550572412409","DOI":"10.1177\/17455057241240920","volume":"20","author":"J Al Karmi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Al Karmi J, Alshrouf MA, Haddad TA, Alhanbali AE, Raiq NA, Ghanem H, et al. Urinary and reproductive tract infection symptoms and menstrual hygiene practices in refugee camps in Jordan: a cross-sectional study. Womens Health (Lond). 2024;20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17455057241240920.","journal-title":"Womens Health (Lond)"},{"issue":"1","key":"3193_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1749342","DOI":"10.1080\/26410397.2020.1749342","volume":"28","author":"E McCammon","year":"2020","unstructured":"McCammon E, Bansal S, Hebert LE, Yan S, Menendez A, Gilliam M. Exploring young women\u2019s menstruation-related challenges in Uttar Pradesh, India, using the socio-ecological framework. Sex Reprod Health Matters. 2020;28(1):1749342.","journal-title":"Sex Reprod Health Matters"}],"container-title":["BMC Women's Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12905-024-03193-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12905-024-03193-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12905-024-03193-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T06:04:00Z","timestamp":1719986640000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12905-024-03193-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3193"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12905-024-03193-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6874"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1472-6874"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 February 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 June 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 July 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by Institutional Review Board of the University of Jordan. Informed written consent was obtained from the patients.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no known competing financial or personal interests that could have influenced the work reported in this paper.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"384"}}