{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T23:11:09Z","timestamp":1770678669349,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,9]],"date-time":"2018-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1533772800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Educ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-018-1299-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,9]],"date-time":"2018-08-09T09:29:18Z","timestamp":1533806958000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Investigating the existence of social networks in cheating behaviors in medical students"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jorge","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fernanda","family":"Silva-Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5787-4871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milton","family":"Severo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1299_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.27.1.415","volume":"27","author":"M McPherson","year":"2001","unstructured":"McPherson M, Smith-Lovin L, Cook JM. Birds of a feather: Homophily in social networks. Annu Rev Sociol. 2001;27(1):415\u201344.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Sociol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1299_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.13152","volume":"51","author":"R Isba","year":"2017","unstructured":"Isba R, Woolf K, Hanneman R. Social network analysis in medical education. Med Educ. 2017;51(1):81\u20138.","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"1299_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.13217","volume":"51","author":"D Prideaux","year":"2017","unstructured":"Prideaux D. Social network analysis in medical education: a methodology in search of a theory. Med Educ. 2017;51(1):9\u201310.","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"issue":"7","key":"1299_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.3109\/0142159X.2012.669082","volume":"34","author":"K Woolf","year":"2012","unstructured":"Woolf K, et al. The hidden medical school: a longitudinal study of how social networks form, and how they relate to academic performance. Medical teacher. 2012;34(7):577\u201386.","journal-title":"Medical teacher"},{"issue":"1","key":"1299_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-014-0277-y","volume":"14","author":"V \u0110oga\u0161","year":"2014","unstructured":"\u0110oga\u0161 V, et al. Who would students ask for help in academic cheating? Cross-sectional study of medical students in Croatia. BMC medical education. 2014;14(1):1048.","journal-title":"BMC medical education"},{"issue":"4","key":"1299_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.3325\/cmj.2016.57.381","volume":"57","author":"V \u0110oga\u0161","year":"2016","unstructured":"\u0110oga\u0161 V, et al. No difference in the intention to engage others in academic transgression among medical students from neighboring countries: a cross-national study on medical students from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and Macedonia. Croatian Medical Journal. 2016;57(4):381\u201391.","journal-title":"Croatian Medical Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"1299_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888-198002000-00006","volume":"55","author":"F Sierles","year":"1980","unstructured":"Sierles F, Hendrickx I. Cheating in medical school. Acad Med. 1980;55(2):124\u20135.","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1299_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S70","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888-199601000-00046","volume":"71","author":"PE Dans","year":"1996","unstructured":"Dans PE. Self-reported cheating by students at one medical school. Acad Med. 1996;71(1):S70\u20132.","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"1299_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.1318","volume":"304","author":"LN Dyrbye","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dyrbye LN, et al. Relationship between burnout and professional conduct and attitudes among US medical students. JAMA. 2010;304(11):1173\u201380.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"1299_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888-199603000-00020","volume":"71","author":"D Baldwin Jr","year":"1996","unstructured":"Baldwin D Jr, et al. Cheating in medical school: a survey of second-year students at 31 schools. Acad Med. 1996;71(3):267\u201373.","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"1299_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1097\/SMJ.0b013e3182a14388","volume":"106","author":"AV Kusnoor","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kusnoor AV, Falik R. Cheating in medical school: the unacknowledged ailment. South Med J. 2013;106(8):479\u201383.","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"issue":"7281","key":"1299_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.322.7281.274","volume":"322","author":"SC Rennie","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rennie SC, Crosby JR. Are \u201ctomorrow's doctors\u201d honest? Questionnaire study exploring medical students' attitudes and reported behaviour on academic misconduct. BMJ. 2001;322(7281):274\u20135.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"6","key":"1299_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02208251","volume":"36","author":"RL Genereux","year":"1995","unstructured":"Genereux RL, McLeod BA. Circumstances surrounding cheating: a questionnaire study of college students. Res High Educ. 1995;36(6):687\u2013704.","journal-title":"Res High Educ"},{"issue":"3","key":"1299_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2923.2004.01766.x","volume":"38","author":"M Hrabak","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hrabak M, et al. Academic misconduct among medical students in a post-communist country. Med Educ. 2004;38(3):276\u201385.","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"issue":"3","key":"1299_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.293.3300","volume":"29","author":"K Hafeez","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hafeez K, et al. Academic misconduct among students in medical colleges of Karachi, Pakistan. Pakistan journal of medical sciences. 2013;29(3):699.","journal-title":"Pakistan journal of medical sciences"},{"key":"1299_CR16","first-page":"18","volume":"2","author":"G Sivagnanam","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sivagnanam G, et al. Medical students and misconduct-a gender-wise comparison. The Meducator. 2002;2:18\u201322.","journal-title":"The Meducator"},{"key":"1299_CR17","first-page":"1","volume-title":"To participate or not participate in unprofessional behavior\u2013Is that the question? Medical Teacher","author":"RS Franco","year":"2016","unstructured":"Franco RS, et al. To participate or not participate in unprofessional behavior\u2013Is that the question? Medical Teacher; 2016. p. 1\u20138."},{"issue":"6","key":"1299_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.5688\/aj7306105","volume":"73","author":"G Ryan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ryan G, et al. Undergraduate and postgraduate pharmacy students' perceptions of plagiarism and academic honesty. Am J Pharm Educ. 2009;73(6):105.","journal-title":"Am J Pharm Educ"},{"issue":"4","key":"1299_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A1","DOI":"10.5688\/aj700473","volume":"70","author":"SM Rabi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rabi SM, et al. Characteristics, prevalence, attitudes, and perceptions of academic dishonesty among pharmacy students. Am J Pharm Educ. 2006;70(4):A1.","journal-title":"Am J Pharm Educ"},{"key":"1299_CR20","volume-title":"In Proceedings of the 2001 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition","author":"TS Harding","year":"2001","unstructured":"Harding TS. On the Frequency and Causes of Academic Dishonesty Among Engineering Students. In: In Proceedings of the 2001 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition. New Mexico: Albuquerque; 2001."},{"issue":"3","key":"1299_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C1","DOI":"10.5688\/aj700350","volume":"70","author":"Z Austin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Austin Z, et al. Influence of attitudes toward curriculum on dishonest academic behavior. Am J Pharm Educ. 2006;70(3):C1.","journal-title":"Am J Pharm Educ"},{"issue":"345","key":"1299_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1974.10480126","volume":"69","author":"WH Angoff","year":"1974","unstructured":"Angoff WH. The development of statistical indices for detecting cheaters. J Am Stat Assoc. 1974;69(345):44\u20139.","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"issue":"7499","key":"1299_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.330.7499.1064","volume":"330","author":"I McManus","year":"2005","unstructured":"McManus I, Lissauer T, Williams S. Detecting cheating in written medical examinations by statistical analysis of similarity of answers: pilot study. BMJ. 2005;330(7499):1064\u20136.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"1299_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-3984.2003.tb01104.x","volume":"40","author":"JA Wollack","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wollack JA. Comparison of answer copying indices with real data. J Educ Meas. 2003;40(3):189\u2013205.","journal-title":"J Educ Meas"},{"issue":"6","key":"1299_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164412442941","volume":"72","author":"C Zopluoglu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zopluoglu C, Davenport EC. The empirical power and type I error rates of the GBT and \u03c9 indices in detecting answer copying on multiple-choice tests. Educ Psychol Meas. 2012;72(6):975\u20131000.","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Meas"},{"issue":"318","key":"1299_CR26","first-page":"626","volume":"62","author":"Z \u0160id\u00e1k","year":"1967","unstructured":"\u0160id\u00e1k Z. Rectangular confidence regions for the means of multivariate normal distributions. J Am Stat Assoc. 1967;62(318):626\u201333.","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"issue":"5","key":"1299_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-012-0439-9","volume":"58","author":"N Speybroeck","year":"2013","unstructured":"Speybroeck N, et al. Misclassification errors in prevalence estimation: Bayesian handling with care. International journal of public health. 2013;58(5):791.","journal-title":"International journal of public health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1299_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112510","volume":"107","author":"WJ Rogan","year":"1978","unstructured":"Rogan WJ, Gladen B. Estimating prevalence from the results of a screening test. Am J Epidemiol. 1978;107(1):71\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1299_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v024.i02","volume":"24","author":"CT Butts","year":"2008","unstructured":"Butts CT. Network: a package for managing relational data in R. J Stat Softw. 2008;24(2):1\u201336.","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"1299_CR30","volume-title":"Integridade Acad\u00e9mica Em Portugal, Relat\u00f3rio s\u00edntese global do estudo, 22 de maio de 2015, in OBEGEF & Universidade do Porto","author":"A Teixeira","year":"2015","unstructured":"Teixeira, A., Integridade Acad\u00e9mica Em Portugal, Relat\u00f3rio s\u00edntese global do estudo, 22 de maio de 2015, in OBEGEF & Universidade do Porto. 2015."},{"issue":"7","key":"1299_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1080\/02664760050120588","volume":"27","author":"GO Wesolowsky","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wesolowsky GO. Detecting excessive similarity in answers on multiple choice exams. J Appl Stat. 2000;27(7):909\u201321.","journal-title":"J Appl Stat"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12909-018-1299-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12909-018-1299-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12909-018-1299-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,8]],"date-time":"2019-08-08T19:10:44Z","timestamp":1565291444000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmededuc.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12909-018-1299-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,9]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1299"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-018-1299-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6920"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6920","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 September 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 July 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 August 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"JORGE MONTEIRO is a medical student in FMUP, Porto, Portugal.FERNANDA SILVA-PEREIRA, MSc, is an assistant in the in Departamento de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica e Forenses e Educa\u00e7\u00e3o M\u00e9dica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal. She is responsible for data management and informatics support.MILTON SEVERO, MSc, Ph.D., is a senior researcher in EPIUnit \u2013 Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal and assistant professor in the Departamento de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica e Forenses e Educa\u00e7\u00e3o M\u00e9dica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal. He is Head of the Meta-Evaluation Office.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Author\u2019s information"}},{"value":"This research design did not adversely affect students\u2019 educational progress or students\u2019 well-being. Nevertheless, the Centro Hospitalar S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o Ethics Committee for Health was consulted before the realization of the study and considered that approval by the CES was not required.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors report no competing interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"193"}}