{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T13:41:55Z","timestamp":1771594915946,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]],"date-time":"2022-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647907200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]],"date-time":"2022-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647907200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Educ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>A curriculum is a fundamental tool for educators, and teaching bioethics is fundamental to good medical practice. Studies report a lack of consensus on the teaching of bioethics in undergraduate medicine, and a critical issue is that there remain no minimum curricular parameters. This study performed an analysis between the bioethics curricula of the medical schools of Brazil and Portugal and UNESCO\u2019s Core Curriculum, in addition to proposing key criteria for designing a core bioethics curriculum.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is a cross-sectional, descriptive study that analyzes the bioethics curricula of the medical schools in Brazil and in Portugal. The design of the study includes a qualitative summative content analysis-based approach and a quantitative analysis by means of descriptive statistics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bioethics is taught in both Brazil and Portugal in a diversified way. The results showed that 65.5% of the medical schools analyzed provided at least the 30-h minimum workload recommended by the UNESCO Core Curriculum. Furthermore, bioethics sporadically offered at the end of the medical program in the vast majority of schools studied.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The most important points to take away from this study are the diversity of the curricular structure of bioethics courses and the lack of formalization of bioethics in the curricula of medical schools in Brazil and Portugal. Given the value of bioethics in clinical practice, we propose that medical schools in Portugal and Brazil update their curricula to encompass minimum criteria, which should be similar to one another and based on common sources, but which should also be tailored to each culture.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-022-03250-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]],"date-time":"2022-03-22T18:21:01Z","timestamp":1647973261000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Bioethics curriculum in medical schools in Portuguese-speaking countries"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Ana Carolina Alvares Lavigne","family":"de Lemos Tavares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ana Gabriela Alvares","family":"Travassos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Francisca","family":"Rego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"3250_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-15742012000300004","volume":"42","author":"E Macedo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Macedo E. Curr\u00edculo e conhecimento: Aproxima\u00e7\u00f5es entre educa\u00e7\u00e3o E ensino. Cad Pesqui. 2012;42:716\u201337.","journal-title":"Cad Pesqui"},{"key":"3250_CR2","volume-title":"Universal declaration of bioethics and human rights","author":"UNESCO","year":"2005","unstructured":"UNESCO. 2005. Universal declaration of bioethics and human rights. www.unesco.org\/new\/en\/social-and-human-sciences\/themes\/bioethics\/bioethics-and-human-rights\/."},{"key":"3250_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2020.06.028","volume":"56","author":"AD Souza","year":"2020","unstructured":"Souza AD, Vaswani V. Diversity in approach to teaching and assessing ethics education for medical undergraduates: a scoping review. Ann Med Surg. 2020;56:178\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amsu.2020.06.028.","journal-title":"Ann Med Surg"},{"key":"3250_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-019-2474-x","volume":"23","author":"M Vergano","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vergano M, Naretto G, Elia F, Gandolfo E, Calliera CN, Gristina GR. ELS (ethical life support): a new teaching tool for medical ethics. Crit Care. 2019;23:3\u20135.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"3250_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1328257","DOI":"10.1080\/10872981.2017.1328257","volume":"22","author":"T Al Mahmoud","year":"2017","unstructured":"Al Mahmoud T, Jawad Hashim M, Elzubeir MA, Branicki F. Ethics teaching in a medical education environment: preferences for diversity of learning and assessment methods. Med Educ Online. 2017;22:1328257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10872981.2017.1328257.","journal-title":"Med Educ Online"},{"key":"3250_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-516X.179013","volume":"6","author":"R Mahajan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mahajan R, Aruldhas B, Sharma M, Badyal D, Singh T. Professionalism and ethics: a proposed curriculum for undergraduates. Int J Appl Basic Med Res. 2016;6:157\u201363.","journal-title":"Int J Appl Basic Med Res"},{"key":"3250_CR7","unstructured":"Aguiar F de PM. O Curr\u00edculo e a Pr\u00e1tica Docente. Revista Cient\u00edfica Multidisciplinar N\u00facleo do Conhecimento. 2017;1:508\u201326."},{"key":"3250_CR8","unstructured":"Marope M. Reconceptualizing and repositioning curriculum in the 21st century: IBE-UNESCO; 2017.\u00a0http:\/\/www.ibe.unesco.org\/en\/news\/reconceptualizing-and-repositioning-curriculum-21st-c-global-paradigmshift."},{"key":"3250_CR9","unstructured":"Opertti R. Curriculum in the Education 2030 Agenda: Latin America and the Caribbean, vol. 10: IBE-UNESCO; 2017.\u00a0https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000248238."},{"key":"3250_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Young M. Teoria Do Curr\u00edculo\u00a0: O Que \u00c9 E Por Que \u00c9 Importante. Cad Pesqui 2014;44:190\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/198053142851.","DOI":"10.1590\/198053142851"},{"key":"3250_CR11","volume-title":"Comparative analysis of the national curriculum frameworks of five countries: Brazil, Cambodia, Finland, Kenya and Peru","author":"R Opertti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Opertti R, Hyekyung Kang GM. Comparative analysis of the national curriculum frameworks of five countries: Brazil, Cambodia, Finland, Kenya and Peru; 2018."},{"key":"3250_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000000715","volume":"90","author":"JA Carrese","year":"2015","unstructured":"Carrese JA, Malek J, Watson K, Lehmann LS, Green MJ, Mccullough LB, et al. The essential role of medical ethics education in achieving Professionalism\u00a0: the Romanell report. Acad Med. 2015;90:744\u201352.","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"key":"3250_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1086\/JCE2016272129","volume":"27","author":"A Giubilini","year":"2016","unstructured":"Giubilini A, Milnes S, Savulescu J. The medical ethics curriculum in medical schools: present and future. J Clin Ethics. 2016;27:129\u201345.","journal-title":"J Clin Ethics"},{"key":"3250_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-016-0711-4","volume":"16","author":"RA Greenberg","year":"2016","unstructured":"Greenberg RA, Kim C, Stolte H, Hellmann J, Shaul RZ, Valani R, et al. Developing a bioethics curriculum for medical students from divergent geo-political regions. BMC Med Educ. 2016;16:1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-016-0711-4.","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"3250_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-018-1418-5","volume":"19","author":"T Changiz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Changiz T, Yamani N, Tofighi S, Zoubin F, Eghbali B. Curriculum management \/ monitoring in undergraduate medical education\u00a0: a systematized review. BMC Med Educ. 2019;19:1\u20139.","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"3250_CR16","volume-title":"Demografia M\u00e9dica no Brasil 2020","author":"M Scheffer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Scheffer M, et al. Demografia M\u00e9dica no Brasil 2020. S\u00e3o Paulo: FMUSP, CFM; 2020."},{"key":"3250_CR17","unstructured":"Brasil. Lei No 10.861 de 14 de abril de 2004. Institui o Sistema Nacional de Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o da Educa\u00e7\u00e3o Superior \u2013 SINAES e d\u00e1 outras provid\u00eancias. Di\u00e1rio Oficial da Uni\u00e3o, 14 de abril de 2004."},{"key":"3250_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732305276687","volume":"15","author":"HF Hsieh","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hsieh HF, Shannon SE. Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qual Health Res. 2005;15:1277\u201388.","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"key":"3250_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malekipour A, Hakimzadeh R, Dehghani M, Zali MR. Content analysis of curriculum syllabus for the educational technology discipline based on entrepreneurial competencies. Int J Virtual Learn Med Sci. 2017;8:1\u20137.","DOI":"10.5812\/ijvlms.62156"},{"key":"3250_CR20","volume-title":"Bioethics Core Curriculum","author":"UNESCO","year":"2008","unstructured":"UNESCO. Bioethics Core Curriculum Section 1: Syllabus. Ethics education programme. In: Bioethics Core Curriculum; 2008. www.unesco.org\/shs\/ethics\/eep."},{"key":"3250_CR21","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Global Bioethics","author":"R Nunes","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nunes R. Bioethics: medical. In: Encyclopedia of Global Bioethics; 2014. p. 1\u201310."},{"key":"3250_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.316.7145.1623","volume":"316","author":"L Doyal","year":"1998","unstructured":"Doyal L, Gillon R. Medical ethics and law as a core subject in medical education. Br Med J. 1998;316:1623\u20134.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"3250_CR23","unstructured":"Lima ACT. Sobre o Ensino da Bio\u00e9tica\u00a0: Um Desafio Transdisciplinar. Nascer e Crescer Revista do Hospital de Crian\u00e7as Maria Pia. 2010;XIX:102\u20138."},{"issue":"SUPPL. 2","key":"3250_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1590\/S1519-38292010000600007","volume":"10","author":"AM de Oliveira","year":"2010","unstructured":"de Oliveira AM. Bioetica e as diretrizes curriculares nacionais do curso de medicina. Revista Brasileira de Saude Materno Infantil. 2010;10(SUPPL. 2):303\u20139.","journal-title":"Revista Brasileira de Saude Materno Infantil"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"3250_CR25","first-page":"1","volume":"44","author":"GA Raimondi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Raimondi GA, Tourinho FSV, Souza FGR, Pereira DVR, de Oliveira DOPS, Rosa LM. An\u00e1lise Cr\u00edtica das DCN \u00e0 Luz das Diversidades: Educa\u00e7\u00e3o M\u00e9dica e Pandemia da Covid-19. Revista Brasileira de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o M\u00e9dica. 2020;44(suppl 1):1\u20138.","journal-title":"Revista Brasileira de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o M\u00e9dica"},{"key":"3250_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1080\/23294515.2018.1472149","volume":"9","author":"SD Stites","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stites SD, Clapp J, Gallagher S, Fiester A. Moving beyond the theoretical: medical students\u2019 desire for practical, role-specific ethics training. AJOB Empirical Bioethics. 2018;9:154\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23294515.2018.1472149.","journal-title":"AJOB Empirical Bioethics"},{"key":"3250_CR27","first-page":"761","volume":"70","author":"E Fox","year":"1995","unstructured":"Fox E, Arnold RM, Brody B. Medical ethics education: past, present, and future. Acad Med. 1995;70:761\u20138.","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"key":"3250_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ap.33.6.470","volume":"33","author":"JA Lehrmann","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lehrmann JA, Hoop J, Hammond KG, Roberts LW. Medical students\u2019 affirmation of ethics education. Acad Psychiatry. 2009;33:470\u20137.","journal-title":"Acad Psychiatry"},{"key":"3250_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ACM.0000232412.05024.43","volume":"81","author":"K Fryer-Edwards","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fryer-Edwards K, Wilkins MD, Baernstein A, Braddock CH. Bringing ethics education to the clinical years: Ward ethics sessions at the University of Washington. Acad Med. 2006;81:626\u201331.","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"key":"3250_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2015-103189","volume":"43","author":"L Brooks","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brooks L, Bell D. Teaching, learning and assessment of medical ethics at the UK medical schools. J Med Ethics. 2016;43:606\u201312.","journal-title":"J Med Ethics"},{"key":"3250_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1080\/0142159X.2018.1442921","volume":"40","author":"RF D\u2019Souza","year":"2018","unstructured":"D\u2019Souza RF, Mathew M, D\u2019Souza DSJ, Palatty P. Novel horizontal and vertical integrated bioethics curriculum for medical courses. Medical Teacher. 2018;40:573\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0142159X.2018.1442921.","journal-title":"Medical Teacher"},{"key":"3250_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.4067\/S0034-98872011000100005","volume":"139","author":"D Pimentel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pimentel D, Barbosa de Oliveira C, Vieira MJ. Teaching of Medical Ethics: Students\u2019 perception in different periods of the course. Revista m\u00e9dica de Chile. 2011;139:36\u201344.","journal-title":"Revista m\u00e9dica de Chile"},{"key":"3250_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1590\/1983-80422018262243","volume":"26","author":"AG Ferrari","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ferrari AG, da Silva CM, de Siqueira JE. Ensino de bio\u00e9tica nas escolas de medicina da Am\u00e9rica Latina. Revista Bio\u00e9tica. 2018;26:228\u201334.","journal-title":"Revista Bio\u00e9tica"},{"key":"3250_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neves J\u00fanior WA das, Ara\u00fajo LZS de, Rego S. Ensino de bio\u00e9tica nas faculdades de medicina no Brasil. Revista Bio\u00e9tica. 2016;24:98\u2013107.","DOI":"10.1590\/1983-80422016241111"},{"key":"3250_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4103\/1357-6283.101480","volume":"23","author":"S Ozan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ozan S, Timbil S, Semin S, Musal B. Interns\u2019 perceptions on medical ethics education and ethical issues at the Dokuz Eylul University School of Medicine in Turkey. Educ Health. 2010;23:1\u201311.","journal-title":"Educ Health"},{"key":"3250_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.4067\/S1726-569X2018000100105","volume":"24","author":"AC Bilgin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bilgin AC, Timbil S, Guvercin CH, Ozan S, Semin S. Preclinical Students\u2019 views on Medical Ethics Education: a focus group study in Turkey. Acta Bioeth. 2018;24:105\u201315.","journal-title":"Acta Bioeth"},{"key":"3250_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/2382120519883887","volume":"6","author":"JH Sim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sim JH, Ngan OM, Ng HK. Bioethics education in the medical Programme among Malaysian medical schools: where are we now? J Med Educ Curric Dev. 2019;6:1\u20139.","journal-title":"J Med Educ Curric Dev"},{"key":"3250_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.3325\/cmj.2016.57.493","volume":"57","author":"G Ferreira-Padilla","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ferreira-Padilla G, Ferr\u00e1ndez-Ant\u00f3n T, Lolas-Stepke F, Almeida-Cabrera R, Brunet J, Bosch-Barrera J. Ethics competences in the undergraduate medical education curriculum: the Spanish experience. Croat Med J. 2016;57:493\u2013503.","journal-title":"Croat Med J"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12909-022-03250-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12909-022-03250-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12909-022-03250-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,19]],"date-time":"2023-11-19T04:38:35Z","timestamp":1700368715000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmededuc.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12909-022-03250-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3250"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-022-03250-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6920"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6920","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 August 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 March 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 March 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"199"}}