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This ancient evolutionary group of genes was first studied in humans and rodents, but its evolution remained largely unknown for nearly 20\u00a0years. In recent years, more studies have emerged deepening the knowledge of <jats:italic>GBP<\/jats:italic> evolution in specific mammalian groups: Primates, <jats:italic>Tupaia<\/jats:italic>, Muroids (Rodents), Bats and Lagomorphs.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Here, we aimed to present a comprehensive analysis of mammals GBP evolution. Our phylogenetic analysis demonstrates that mammals\u2019 GBPs share a common ancestor and that each major mammalian group has evolved a specific GBP repertoire. Two Monotreme GBP groups, <jats:italic>GBP8<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>GBP9<\/jats:italic>, cluster independently in the phylogenetic tree and do not share the synteny of the other mammalian GBP genes. The other two Monotreme GBP groups, <jats:italic>GBP1\/2\/3\/5<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>GBP4\/6\/7<\/jats:italic>, are at the basal position of the main mammalian groups. Marsupials have two GBP groups, <jats:italic>Marsupial GBP1\/2\/3\/5<\/jats:italic>, basal to <jats:italic>Placental GBP1\/2\/3\/5<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Marsupial GBP4\/6\/7<\/jats:italic>, basal to <jats:italic>Placental GBP4\/6\/7<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>Marsupial GBP1\/2\/3\/5<\/jats:italic> can be subdivided into three sub-groups, similarly to what is observed in the Placental GBPs, whereas <jats:italic>Marsupial GBP4\/6\/7<\/jats:italic> underwent several duplication events across species. We also examined the GBP tissue expression pattern in <jats:italic>Monodelphis domestica<\/jats:italic> and found that GBPs are ubiquitously expressed in most tissues, with some differences. Noteworthy was the presence of GBP transcripts in late foetal and newborn opossum tissues.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The GBP genes revealed a distinct evolutionary pattern in each main mammalian group. Phylogenetic analysis shows that Monotremes and Marsupials have specific GBPs. Particularly intriguing is the presence of <jats:italic>GBP8<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>GBP9<\/jats:italic> only in Monotremes.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-025-02403-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T10:43:09Z","timestamp":1759315389000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Deciphering the origins of guanylate-binding proteins in mammals (Monotreme, Marsupials and Placentals)"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Vasco","family":"C\u00f4rte-Real","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Pinheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jordan M.","family":"Sampson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kimberly A.","family":"Morrissey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Pedro","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hanna-Mari","family":"Baldauf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Robert D.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Abrantes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pedro Jos\u00e9","family":"Esteves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2403_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.4MR0516-223R","volume":"101","author":"SM Man","year":"2017","unstructured":"Man SM, Place DE, Kuriakose T, Kanneganti TD. 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