{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T10:29:43Z","timestamp":1772533783834,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]],"date-time":"2021-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610064000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]],"date-time":"2021-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1132415"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1132415"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a public health priority in Latin America. While the burden of HIV is historically concentrated in urban areas and high-risk groups, subnational estimates that cover multiple countries and years are missing. This paucity is partially due to incomplete vital registration (VR) systems and statistical challenges related to estimating mortality rates in areas with low numbers of HIV deaths. In this analysis, we address this gap and provide novel estimates of the HIV mortality rate and the number of HIV deaths by age group, sex, and municipality in Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, and Mexico.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We performed an ecological study using VR data ranging from 2000 to 2017, dependent on individual country data availability. We modeled HIV mortality using a Bayesian spatially explicit mixed-effects regression model that incorporates prior information on VR completeness. We calibrated our results to the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>All countries displayed over a 40-fold difference in HIV mortality between municipalities with the highest and lowest age-standardized HIV mortality rate in the last year of study for men, and over a 20-fold difference for women. Despite decreases in national HIV mortality in all countries\u2014apart from Ecuador\u2014across the period of study, we found broad variation in relative changes in HIV mortality at the municipality level and increasing relative inequality over time in all countries. In all six countries included in this analysis, 50% or more HIV deaths were concentrated in fewer than 10% of municipalities in the latest year of study. In addition, national age patterns reflected shifts in mortality to older age groups\u2014the median age group among decedents ranged from 30 to 45\u2009years of age at the municipality level in Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico in 2017.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our subnational estimates of HIV mortality revealed significant spatial variation and diverging local trends in HIV mortality over time and by age. This analysis provides a framework for incorporating data and uncertainty from incomplete VR systems and can help guide more geographically precise public health intervention to support HIV-related care and reduce HIV-related deaths.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01876-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]],"date-time":"2021-01-08T02:05:25Z","timestamp":1610071525000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Mapping subnational HIV mortality in six Latin American countries with incomplete vital registration systems"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"name":"Local Burden of Disease HIV Collaborators","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"1876_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32203-7","volume":"392","author":"GA Roth","year":"2018","unstructured":"Roth GA, Abate D, Abate KH, Abay SM, Abbafati C, Abbasi N, et al. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2018;392:1736\u201388.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1876_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e831","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(19)30196-1","volume":"6","author":"TD Frank","year":"2019","unstructured":"Frank TD, Carter A, Jahagirdar D, Biehl MH, Douwes-Schultz D, Larson SL, et al. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980\u20132017, and forecasts to 2030, for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017. Lancet HIV. 2019;6:e831\u201359.","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"1876_CR3","unstructured":"Fast-Track - Ending the AIDS epidemic by 2030. https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/resources\/documents\/2014\/JC2686_WAD2014report. Accessed 24 Apr 2020."},{"key":"1876_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ravasi G, Grinsztejn B, Baruch R, Guanira JV, Luque R, C\u00e1ceres CF, et al. Towards a fair consideration of PrEP as part of combination HIV prevention in Latin America. J Int AIDS Soc. 2016;19 7Suppl 6. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7448\/IAS.19.7.21113.","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.19.7.21113"},{"key":"1876_CR5","unstructured":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS. AIDSinfo. https:\/\/aidsinfo.unaids.org\/. Accessed 24 Apr 2020."},{"key":"1876_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000564","volume":"14","author":"PM Luz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Luz PM, Veloso VG, Grinsztejn B. The HIV epidemic in Latin America: accomplishments and challenges on treatment and prevention. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2019;14:366\u201373.","journal-title":"Curr Opin HIV AIDS"},{"key":"1876_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e022632","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-022632","volume":"8","author":"JI Garc\u00eda","year":"2018","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda JI, Sabid\u00f3 M, Nikiforov M, Smith A, Hern\u00e1ndez G, Ortiz R, et al. The UALE project: a cross-sectional approach for trends in HIV\/STI prevalence among key populations attending STI clinics in Guatemala. BMJ Open. 2018;8:e022632.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"1876_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S9","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000010573","volume":"97","author":"LR Kerr","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kerr LR, Kendall C, Guimar\u00e3es M, Mota R, Veras MA, Dourado I, et al. HIV prevalence among men who have sex with men in Brazil: results of the 2nd national survey using respondent-driven sampling. Medicine. 2018;97:S9\u201315.","journal-title":"Medicine."},{"key":"1876_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e72616","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0072616","volume":"8","author":"M Colchero","year":"2013","unstructured":"Colchero M, Romero M, Conde-Glez C, Sosa-Rub\u00ed S. Is the HIV epidemic stable among MSM in Mexico? HIV Prevalence and Risk Behavior Results from a Nationally Representative Survey among Men Who Have Sex with Men. Plos one. 2013;8:e72616.","journal-title":"Plos one"},{"key":"1876_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0141372","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0141372","volume":"10","author":"ML Guimar\u00e3es","year":"2015","unstructured":"Guimar\u00e3es ML, Marques BCL, Bertoni N, Teixeira SLM, Morgado MG, Bastos FI, et al. Assessing the HIV-1 epidemic in Brazilian drug users: a molecular epidemiology approach. Plos One. 2015;10:e0141372.","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"key":"1876_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN19980032","volume":"1","author":"JR Hebert","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hebert JR, Hurley TG, Chiriboga DE, Barone J. A comparison of selected nutrient intakes derived from three diet assessment methods used in a low-fat maintenance trial. Public Health Nutr. 1998;1:207\u201314.","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"1876_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1878-8","volume":"577","author":"Local Burden of Disease Child Growth Failure Collaborators","year":"2020","unstructured":"Local Burden of Disease Child Growth Failure Collaborators. Mapping child growth failure across low- and middle-income countries. Nature. 2020;577:231\u20134.","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"1876_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sgarbi RVE, Carbone A da SS, Pai\u00e3o DSG, Lemos EF, Simionatto S, Puga MAM, et al. A Cross-Sectional Survey of HIV Testing and Prevalence in Twelve Brazilian Correctional Facilities Plos One 2015;10:e0139487.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139487"},{"key":"1876_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1872-1","volume":"577","author":"Local Burden of Disease Educational Attainment Collaborators","year":"2020","unstructured":"Local Burden of Disease Educational Attainment Collaborators. Mapping disparities in education across low- and middle-income countries. Nature. 2020;577:235\u20138.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1876_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ross J, Henry N, Dwyer-Lindgren L, Lobo A, Marinho de Souza MDF, Biehl M, et al. Progress toward eliminating TB and HIV deaths in Brazil, 2001-2015: A spatial assessment. BMC Med 2018;1:1\u201310.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1131-6"},{"key":"1876_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2014.32","volume":"8","author":"ATJ Alves","year":"2014","unstructured":"Alves ATJ, Nobre FF. The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: a spatio-temporal analysis of cases reported in the period 2001-2010. Geospat Health. 2014;8:437\u201343.","journal-title":"Geospat Health"},{"key":"1876_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Holanda ER, Galv\u00e3o MTG, Pedrosa NL, Paiva S de S, de Almeida RLF. Spatial analysis of infection by the human immunodeficiency virus among pregnant women. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem 2015;23:441\u2013449.","DOI":"10.1590\/0104-1169.0481.2574"},{"key":"1876_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181a44f0a","volume":"51","author":"SH Tuboi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tuboi SH, Schechter M, McGowan CC, Cesar C, Krolewiecki A, Cahn P, et al. Mortality during the first year of potent antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1-infected patients in 7 sites throughout Latin America and the Caribbean. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009;51:615\u201323.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"1876_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pletcher. Model fittiing and hypothesis testing for age specific data. J Evol Biol. 2001;12:430\u20139.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1420-9101.1999.00058.x"},{"key":"1876_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-017-0618-7","volume":"54","author":"M Alexander","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alexander M, Zagheni E, Barbieri M. A flexible Bayesian model for estimating subnational mortality. Demography. 2017;54:2025\u201341.","journal-title":"Demography."},{"key":"1876_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-26","volume":"10","author":"R Oca\u00f1a-Riola","year":"2010","unstructured":"Oca\u00f1a-Riola R, Mayoral-Cortes JM. Spatio-temporal trends of mortality in small areas of southern Spain. BMC Public Health. 2010;10:26.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"1876_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s12963-018-0171-7","volume":"16","author":"L Dwyer-Lindgren","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dwyer-Lindgren L, Squires E, Teeple S, Ikilezi G, Roberts D, Colombara D, et al. Small area estimation of under-5 mortality in Bangladesh, Cameroon, Chad, Mozambique, Uganda, and Zambia using spatially misaligned data. Popul Health Metrics. 2018;16:13.","journal-title":"Popul Health Metrics"},{"key":"1876_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60844-8","volume":"384","author":"CJL Murray","year":"2014","unstructured":"Murray CJL, Ortblad KF, Guinovart C, Lim SS, Wolock TM, Roberts DA, et al. Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality for HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria during 1990\u20132013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2014;384:1005\u201370.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"1876_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-89102011005000021","volume":"45","author":"CN Carvalho","year":"2011","unstructured":"Carvalho CN, Dourado I, Bierrenbach AL. Underreporting of the tuberculosis and AIDS comorbidity: an application of the linkage method. Rev Saude Publica. 2011;45:548\u201355.","journal-title":"Rev Saude Publica"},{"key":"1876_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.11.086280","volume":"89","author":"J Birnbaum","year":"2011","unstructured":"Birnbaum J, Murray C, Lozano R. Exposing misclassified HIV\/AIDS deaths in South Africa. Bull World Health Organ. 2011;89:278\u201385.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"1876_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lima EEC, Queiroz BL, Zeman K. Completeness of birth registration in Brazil: an overview of methods and data sources. Genus. 2018;74 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41118-018-0035-9.","DOI":"10.1186\/s41118-018-0035-9"},{"key":"1876_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60171-4","volume":"386","author":"L Mikkelsen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mikkelsen L, Phillips DE, AbouZahr C, Setel PW, de Savigny D, Lozano R, et al. A global assessment of civil registration and vital statistics systems: monitoring data quality and progress. Lancet. 2015;386:1395\u2013406.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1876_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1080\/00324720215930","volume":"56","author":"P Bhat","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bhat P. Completeness of India\u2019s sample registration system: an assessment using the general growth balance method. Popul Stud. 2002;56:119\u201334.","journal-title":"Popul Stud"},{"key":"1876_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000262","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000262","volume":"7","author":"C Murray","year":"2010","unstructured":"Murray C, Rajaratnam J, Marcus J, Laakso T, Lopez A. What can we conclude from death registration? Improved Methods for Evaluating Completeness. Plos Med. 2010;7:e1000262.","journal-title":"Plos Med"},{"key":"1876_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Adair T, Lopez AD. Estimating the completeness of death registration: an empirical method. PLoS One. 2018;13 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0197047.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0197047"},{"key":"1876_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-018-0695-2","volume":"55","author":"CP Schmertmann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schmertmann CP, Gonzaga MR. Bayesian estimation of age-specific mortality and life expectancy for small areas with defective vital records. Demography. 2018;55:1363\u201388.","journal-title":"Demography."},{"key":"1876_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30388-9","volume":"388","author":"GA Stevens","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stevens GA, Alkema L, Black RE, Boerma JT, Collins GS, Ezzati M, et al. Guidelines for accurate and transparent health estimates reporting: the GATHER statement. Lancet. 2016;388:e19\u201323.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1876_CR33","volume-title":"ICD-10: International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1992","unstructured":"World Health Organization. ICD-10: International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems. 1992."},{"key":"1876_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-7954-8-9","volume":"8","author":"M Naghavi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Naghavi M, Makela S, Foreman K, O\u2019Brien J, Pourmalek F, Lozano R. Algorithms for enhancing public health utility of national causes-of-death data. Popul Health Metrics. 2010;8:9.","journal-title":"Popul Health Metrics"},{"key":"1876_CR35","unstructured":"Global Administrative Unit Layers (GAUL). http:\/\/www.fao.org\/geonetwork\/srv\/en\/metadata.show?id=12691. Accessed 27 May 2020."},{"key":"1876_CR36","unstructured":"Humanitarian Data Exchange. https:\/\/data.humdata.org\/. Accessed 27 May 2020."},{"key":"1876_CR37","unstructured":"ArcMap. https:\/\/desktop.arcgis.com\/en\/arcmap\/. Accessed 14 Jun 2020."},{"key":"1876_CR38","unstructured":"WorldPop. https:\/\/www.worldpop.org\/project\/categories?id=3. Accessed 17 Mar 2020."},{"key":"1876_CR39","unstructured":"Earth Observation Group - Defense Meteorological Satellite Progam, Boulder | ngdc.noaa.gov. https:\/\/www.ngdc.noaa.gov\/eog\/dmsp\/downloadV4composites.html. Accessed 17 Mar 2020."},{"key":"1876_CR40","unstructured":"Global Human Settlement - Data overview - European Commission. https:\/\/ghsl.jrc.ec.europa.eu\/data.php. Accessed 17 Mar 2020."},{"key":"1876_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weiss D, Nelson A, Gibson H, Temperley W, Peedell S, Lieber A, et al. A global map of travel time to cities to assess inequalities in accessibility in 2015. Nature. 2018;553:333\u201336.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25181"},{"key":"1876_CR42","first-page":"44","volume":"33","author":"CAW Evans","year":"2005","unstructured":"Evans CAW, Friedland JS, Gotuzzo E. HIV in South America. Medicine (Abingdon). 2005;33:44\u20135.","journal-title":"Medicine (Abingdon)"},{"key":"1876_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1545-0","volume":"574","author":"R Burstein","year":"2019","unstructured":"Burstein R, Henry N, Collison M, Marczak L, Sligar A, Watson S, et al. Mapping 123 million neonatal, infant and child deaths between 2000 and 2017. Nature. 2019;574:353\u20138.","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"1876_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-698X-8-4","volume":"8","author":"M M\u00e5lqvist","year":"2008","unstructured":"M\u00e5lqvist M, Eriksson L, Nga N, Fagerland L, Hoa D, Ewald U, et al. Unreported births and deaths, a severe obstacle for improved neonatal survival in low-income countries; a population based study. BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2008;8:4.","journal-title":"BMC Int Health Hum Rights"},{"key":"1876_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2385","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.13645","volume":"316","author":"L Dwyer-Lindgren","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dwyer-Lindgren L, Bertozzi-Villa A, Stubbs RW, Morozoff C, Kutz MJ, Huynh C, et al. US county-level trends in mortality rates for major causes of death, 1980-2014. JAMA. 2016;316:2385\u2013401.","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"1876_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v070.i05","volume":"70","author":"K Kristensen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kristensen K, Nielsen A, Berg CW, Skaug H, Bell BM. TMB: automatic differentiation and Laplace approximation. J Stat Softw. 2016;70:1\u201321.","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"1876_CR47","volume-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2015","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2015."},{"key":"1876_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-605","volume":"11","author":"M Alonso Gonzalez","year":"2011","unstructured":"Alonso Gonzalez M, Martin L, Munoz S, Jacobson JO. Patterns, trends and sex differences in HIV\/AIDS reported mortality in Latin American countries: 1996-2007. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:605.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1876_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181a2652f","volume":"51","author":"M Bozon","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bozon M, Gayet C, Barrientos J. A life course approach to patterns and trends in modern Latin American sexual behavior. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009;51(Suppl 1):S4\u201312.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1876_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S65","DOI":"10.21149\/spm.v55s1.5099","volume":"55","author":"WM Miller","year":"2013","unstructured":"Miller WM, Buckingham L, S\u00e1nchez-Dom\u00ednguez MS, Morales-Miranda S, Paz-Bailey G. Systematic review of HIV prevalence studies among key populations in Latin America and the Caribbean. Salud Publica Mex. 2013;55(Suppl 1):S65\u201378.","journal-title":"Salud Publica Mex"},{"key":"1876_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0130445","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130445","volume":"10","author":"AM Brito","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brito AM, Kendall C, Kerr L, Mota RMS, Guimar\u00e3es MDC, Dourado I, et al. Factors associated with low levels of HIV testing among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Brazil. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0130445.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1876_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2015.1064459","volume":"12","author":"D Kerrigan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kerrigan D, Vazzano A, Bertoni N, Malta M, Bastos FI. Stigma, discrimination and HIV outcomes among people living with HIV in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: the intersection of multiple social inequalities. Glob Public Health. 2017;12:185\u201399.","journal-title":"Glob Public Health"},{"key":"1876_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70685-5","volume":"7","author":"K Dolan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dolan K, Kite B, Black E, Aceijas C, Stimson G. HIV in prison I low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet Infect Dis. 2007;7:32\u201341.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"1876_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Prellwitz IM, Alves BM, Ikeda MLR, Kuhleis D, Picon PD, Jarczewski CA, et al. HIV behind bars: human immunodeficiency virus cluster analysis and drug resistance in a reference correctional unit from Southern Brazil. Plos One. 2013;8 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0069033.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069033"},{"key":"1876_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Crabtree-Ram\u00edrez B, Belaunzar\u00e1n-Zamudio PF, Cortes CP, Morales M, Sued O, Sierra-Madero J, et al. The HIV epidemic in Latin America: a time to reflect on the history of success and the challenges ahead. J Int AIDS Soc. 2020;23 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jia2.25468.","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25468"},{"key":"1876_CR56","unstructured":"Venezuela | UNAIDS. https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/regionscountries\/countries\/venezuela. Accessed 27 Jul 2020."},{"key":"1876_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12981-019-0234-2","volume":"16","author":"AS Benzaken","year":"2019","unstructured":"Benzaken AS, Pereira GFM, Costa L, Tanuri A, Santos AF, Soares MA. Antiretroviral treatment, government policy and economy of HIV\/AIDS in Brazil: is it time for HIV cure in the country? AIDS Res Ther. 2019;16:19.","journal-title":"AIDS Res Ther"},{"key":"1876_CR58","unstructured":"Mexico | UNAIDS. https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/regionscountries\/countries\/mexico. Accessed 18 Nov 2020."},{"key":"1876_CR59","first-page":"157","volume":"18","author":"C Prachniak-rinc\u00f3n","year":"2016","unstructured":"Prachniak-rinc\u00f3n C. Villar de On\u00eds J. HIV and the right to health in Colombia. Health Hum Rights. 2016;18:157\u201369.","journal-title":"Health Hum Rights"},{"key":"1876_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2016.0160","volume":"27","author":"C Barrington","year":"2016","unstructured":"Barrington C, Knudston K, Bailey OAP, Aguilar JM, Loya-Montiel MI, Morales-Miranda S. HIV diagnosis, linkage to care, and retention among men who have sex with men and transgender women in Guatemala City. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2016;27:1745\u201360.","journal-title":"J Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"key":"1876_CR61","unstructured":"HIV prevention in the SPOTLIGHT. An analysis from the perspective of the health sector in Latin America and the Caribbean. https:\/\/iris.paho.org\/bitstream\/handle\/10665.2\/34381\/9789275119792-eng.pdf?sequence=6&isAllowed=y. Accessed 18 Nov 2020."},{"key":"1876_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-139","volume":"13","author":"MC Cabezas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cabezas MC, Fornasini M, Dardenne N, Borja T, Albert A. A cross-sectional study to assess knowledge about HIV\/AIDS transmission and prevention measures in company workers in Ecuador. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:139.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"1876_CR63","unstructured":"Ecuador | UNAIDS. https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/regionscountries\/countries\/ecuador. Accessed 18 Nov 2020."},{"key":"1876_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20016","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.18.1.20016","volume":"18","author":"G Carriquiry","year":"2015","unstructured":"Carriquiry G, Fink V, Koethe JR, Giganti MJ, Jayathilake K, Blevins M, et al. Mortality and loss to follow-up among HIV-infected persons on long-term antiretroviral therapy in Latin America and the Caribbean. J Int AIDS Soc. 2015;18:20016.","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"1876_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e74","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(18)30356-4","volume":"6","author":"JG Sierra-Madero","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sierra-Madero JG, Belaunzaran-Zamudio PF, Crabtree-Ram\u00edrez B, Magis-Rodriguez C. Mexico\u2019s fragmented health system as a barrier to HIV care. Lancet HIV. 2019;6:e74\u20135.","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"1876_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-014-0204-1","volume":"11","author":"PJ Garc\u00eda","year":"2014","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda PJ, Bayer A, C\u00e1rcamo CP. The changing face of HIV in Latin America and the Caribbean. Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep. 2014;11:146\u201357.","journal-title":"Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep"},{"key":"1876_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2019.02.021","volume":"176","author":"LU \u0110\u00e0o","year":"2019","unstructured":"\u0110\u00e0o LU, Ter\u00e1n E, Bejarano S, Hernandez I, Reina Ortiz M, Chee V, et al. Risk and resiliency: the syndemic nature of HIV\/AIDS in the indigenous highland communities of Ecuador. Public Health. 2019;176:36\u201342.","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"1876_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268818001346","volume":"146","author":"Y Caro-Vega","year":"2018","unstructured":"Caro-Vega Y, Belaunzar\u00e1n-Zamudio PF, Crabtree-Ram\u00edrez B, Shepherd BE, Mejia F, Giganti MJ, et al. Trends in proportion of older HIV-infected people in care in Latin America and the Caribbean: a growing challenge. Epidemiol Infect. 2018;146:1308.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"1876_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lima M da S, Firmo AAM, Martins-Melo FR. Trends in AIDS-related mortality among people aged 60 years and older in Brazil: a nationwide population-based study. AIDS Care. 2016;28:1533\u201340.","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2016.1191608"},{"key":"1876_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mpondo BCT. HIV infection in the elderly: arising challenges. J Aging Res. 2016;2016 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2016\/2404857.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/2404857"},{"key":"1876_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283121ca9","volume":"22","author":"D Nash","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nash D, Katyal M, Brinkhof MWG, Keiser O, May M, Hughes R, et al. Long-term immunologic response to antiretroviral therapy in low-income countries: collaborative analysis of prospective studies. AIDS. 2008;22:2291\u2013302.","journal-title":"AIDS."},{"key":"1876_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21472","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.20.1.21472","volume":"20","author":"B Hoagland","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hoagland B, Moreira RI, De Boni RB, Kallas EG, Madruga JV, Vasconcelos R, et al. High pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake and early adherence among men who have sex with men and transgender women at risk for HIV infection: the PrEP Brasil demonstration project. J Int AIDS Soc. 2017;20:21472.","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"1876_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001323","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001323","volume":"9","author":"GB Gomez","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gomez GB, Borquez A, Caceres CF, Segura ER, Grant RM, Garnett GP, et al. The potential impact of pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention among men who have sex with men and transwomen in Lima, Peru: a mathematical modelling study. Plos Med. 2012;9:e1001323.","journal-title":"Plos Med"},{"key":"1876_CR74","unstructured":"UNAIDS. Global AIDS update 2018: Miles to go 2018. https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/sites\/default\/files\/media_asset\/miles-to-go_en.pdf. Accessed 4 Jun 2019."},{"key":"1876_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61053-9","volume":"384","author":"S-J Anderson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Anderson S-J, Cherutich P, Kilonzo N, Cremin I, Fecht D, Kimanga D, et al. Maximising the effect of combination HIV prevention through prioritisation of the people and places in greatest need: a modelling study. Lancet. 2014;384:249\u201356.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1876_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ncomms6454","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6454","volume":"5","author":"DJ Gerberry","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gerberry DJ, Wagner BG, Garcia-Lerma JG, Heneine W, Blower S. Using geospatial modelling to optimize the rollout of antiretroviral-based pre-exposure HIV interventions in Sub-Saharan Africa. Nature Commun. 2014;5:ncomms6454.","journal-title":"Nature Commun"},{"key":"1876_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0107042","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107042","volume":"10","author":"FR Stevens","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stevens FR, Gaughan AE, Linard C, Tatem AJ. Disaggregating census data for population mapping using random forests with remotely-sensed and ancillary data. Plos One. 2015;10:e0107042. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0107042.","journal-title":"Plos One"}],"container-title":["BMC Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12916-020-01876-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12916-020-01876-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12916-020-01876-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]],"date-time":"2021-01-08T02:11:53Z","timestamp":1610071913000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12916-020-01876-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1876"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-020-01876-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1741-7015"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1741-7015","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 August 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 November 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 January 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Dr. Singh reports personal fees from Crealta\/Horizon, Medisys, Fidia, UBM LLC, Trio health, Medscape, WebMD, Clinical Care options, Clearview healthcare partners, Putnam associates, Focus forward, Navigant consulting, Spherix, Practice Point communications, the National Institutes of Health and the American College of Rheumatology, personal fees from Simply Speaking, other from Amarin, Viking, Moderana and Vaxart pharmaceuticals, non-financial support from FDA Arthritis Advisory Committee, non-financial support from Steering committee of OMERACT, an international organization that develops measures for clinical trials and receives arm\u2019s length funding from 12 pharmaceutical companies, non-financial support from Veterans Affairs Rheumatology Field Advisory Committee, non-financial support from Editor and the Director of the UAB Cochrane Musculoskeletal Group Satellite Center on Network Meta-analysis, outside the submitted work. Dr. Krishan reports grants from UGC Centre of Advanced Study, CAS II, awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, outside the submitted work. Prof. Postma reports grants and personal fees from various pharmaceutical industries, all outside the submitted work. Prof Postma holds stocks in Ingress Health and Pharmacoeconomics Advice Groningen (PAG Ltd) and is advisor to Asc Academics, all pharmacoeconomic consultancy companies. Dr. Ancuceanu reports he received consultancy and speakers\u2019 fees from various pharmaceutical companies. Walter Mendoza is a Program Analyst in Population and Development at the United Nations Population Fund-UNFPA Country Office in Peru,\u00a0an institution which does not necessarily endorse this study.\u00a0Dr. Pandi-Perumal reports a non-financial relationship with Somnogen Canada Inc. and occasional royalities from publishing houses, outside the submitted work.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"4"}}