{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T10:33:25Z","timestamp":1773311605918,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734480000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014895","name":"Open Philanthropy Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["A20-3521-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A20-3521-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014895","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Malar J"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n Insecticide-based malaria vector control has been implemented on the islands of S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe (STP) for more than 20\u00a0years. During this period malaria incidence was significantly reduced to pre-elimination levels. While cases remained low since 2015, these have significantly increased in the last year, challenging the commitment of the country to achieve malaria elimination by 2025. To better understand the reasons for increasing malaria cases, levels and underlying mechanisms of insecticide resistance in the local\n Anopheles coluzzii<\/jats:italic>\n populations were characterized.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Mosquito larval collections were performed in the rainy and dry seasons, between 2022 and 2024, in two localities of S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and one locality in Pr\u00edncipe. Susceptibility to permethrin, \u03b1-cypermethrin, pirimiphos-methyl and DDT was assessed using WHO bioassays and protocols. Intensity of resistance and reversal by PBO pre-exposure were determined for pyrethroid insecticides. The\n kdr<\/jats:italic>\n locus was genotyped by PCR assays in subsamples of the mosquitoes tested.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Anopheles coluzzii<\/jats:italic>\n populations were fully susceptible to pirimiphos-methyl, but high levels of resistance to pyrethroids and DDT were detected, particularly in S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 rainy season collections. Increasing the pyrethroid and DDT dosages to 5\n \n \n $$\\times$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \u00d7<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n and 10\n \n \n $$\\times$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \u00d7<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n did not restore full susceptibility in all populations. Pre-exposure to PBO resulted into partial reversal of the resistance phenotype suggesting the presence of cytochrome P450 oxidases-mediated metabolic resistance. The L1014F knockdown resistance mutation was present in\n An. coluzzii<\/jats:italic>\n on both islands but at much higher frequency in S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 where it was associated with the resistant phenotype.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Future vector control interventions should consider the use of non-pyrethroid insecticides or combination with synergists to overcome the high levels of pyrethroid resistance. Alternative control methods not dependent on the use of insecticides should be additionally implemented to achieve malaria elimination in STP.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-024-05212-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T13:15:04Z","timestamp":1734527704000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The status of insecticide resistance of Anopheles coluzzii on the islands of S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe, after 20\u00a0years of malaria vector control"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Correa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Janete","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Carla A.","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gustavo","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Oriango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andreia","family":"Cardetas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Joao","family":"Viegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anthony J.","family":"Cornel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gregory C.","family":"Lanzaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"5212_CR1","unstructured":"Ceita JVG. Malaria in S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe. In: Buck AA (eds). Proceedings of the conference on malaria in Africa: Practical considerations on malaria vaccines and clinical trials. Washington DC: American Institute of Biological Sciences\/USAID. 1986; 143\u201355."},{"key":"5212_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1996.11813048","volume":"90","author":"LF Loureiro","year":"1996","unstructured":"Loureiro LF. Malaria in S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Principe: prevalence and drug-susceptibility. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1996;90:223\u20134.","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"5212_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.80.133","volume":"80","author":"HD Teklehaimanot","year":"2009","unstructured":"Teklehaimanot HD, Teklehaimanot A, Kiszewski A, Rampao HS, Sachs JD. Malaria in S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Principe: on the brink of elimination after three years of effective antimalarial measures. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2009;80:133\u201340.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"5212_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-26","volume":"9","author":"PW Lee","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lee PW, Liu CT, Rampao HS, Do Rosario VE, Shaio MF. Pre-elimination of malaria on the island of Pr\u00edncipe. Malar J. 2010;9:26.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5212_CR5","volume-title":"Zeroing in on Malaria Elimination: final report of the E-2020 initiative","author":"WHO","year":"2020","unstructured":"WHO. Zeroing in on Malaria Elimination: final report of the E-2020 initiative. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020."},{"key":"5212_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14817","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192214817","volume":"19","author":"Y Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang Y, Li M, Guo W, Deng C, Zou G, Song J. Burden of malaria in Sao Tome and Principe, 1990\u20132019: findings from the global burden of disease study 2019. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19:14817.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"5212_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(00)00100-5","volume":"76","author":"J Pinto","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pinto J, Sousa CA, Gil V, Ferreira C, Gon\u00e7alves L, Lopes D, et al. Malaria in S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe: parasite prevalences and vector densities. Acta Trop. 2000;76:185\u201393.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"5212_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/icad.12308","volume":"12","author":"C Loiseau","year":"2019","unstructured":"Loiseau C, Melo M, Lee Y, Pereira H, Hanemaaijer MJ, Lanzaro GC, et al. High endemism of mosquitoes on S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe Islands: evaluating the general dynamic model in a worldwide island comparison. Insect Conserv Divers. 2019;12:69\u201379.","journal-title":"Insect Conserv Divers"},{"key":"5212_CR9","first-page":"630","volume":"4","author":"M Campos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Campos M, Hanemaaijer M, Gripkey H, Collier TC, Lee Y, Cornel AJ, et al. The origin of island populations of the African malaria mosquito. Anopheles coluzzii Commun Biol. 2021;4:630.","journal-title":"Anopheles coluzzii Commun Biol"},{"key":"5212_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-38.1.122","volume":"38","author":"CA Sousa","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sousa CA, Pinto J, Almeida APG, Ferreira C, Do Ros\u00e1rio VE, Charlwood JD. Dogs as a favored host choice of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (Diptera: Culicidae) of S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9, West Africa. J Med Entomol. 2001;38:122\u20135.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"5212_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-2-45","volume":"2","author":"JD Charlwood","year":"2003","unstructured":"Charlwood JD, Pinto J, Ferrara PR, Sousa CA, Ferreira C, Gil V, et al. Raised houses reduce mosquito bites. Malar J. 2003;2:45.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5212_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.hdy.6800348","volume":"91","author":"J Pinto","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pinto J, Donnelly MJ, Sousa CA, Malta-Vacas J, Gil V, Ferreira C, et al. An island within an island: genetic differentiation of Anopheles gambiae in S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9, West Africa, and its relevance to malaria vector control. Heredity (Edinb). 2003;91:407\u201314.","journal-title":"Heredity (Edinb)"},{"key":"5212_CR13","volume-title":"World malaria report 2023","author":"WHO","year":"2023","unstructured":"WHO. World malaria report 2023. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023."},{"key":"5212_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2583.1998.72062.x","volume":"7","author":"D Martinez-Torres","year":"1998","unstructured":"Martinez-Torres D, Chandre F, Williamson MS, Darriet F, Berge\u00e2 JB, Devonshire AL, et al. Molecular characterization of pyrethroid knockdown resistance (kdr) in the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae s.s. Insect Mol Biol. 1998;7:179\u201384.","journal-title":"Insect Mol Biol"},{"key":"5212_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2583.2000.00209.x","volume":"9","author":"H Ranson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ranson H, Jensen B, Vulule JM, Wang X, Hemingway J, Collins FH. Identification of a point mutation in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene of Kenyan Anopheles gambiae associated with resistance to DDT and pyrethroids. Insect Mol Biol. 2000;9:491\u20137.","journal-title":"Insect Mol Biol"},{"key":"5212_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1243","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001243","volume":"2","author":"J Pinto","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pinto J, Lynd A, Vicente JL, Santolamazza F, Randle NP, Gentile G, et al. Multiple origins of knockdown resistance mutations in the Afrotropical mosquito vector Anopheles gambiae. PLoS ONE. 2007;2:e1243.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5212_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3076","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2009.04256.x","volume":"18","author":"J Etang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Etang J, Vicente JL, Nwane P, Chouaibou M, Morlais I, Do Rosario VE, et al. Polymorphism of intron-1 in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene of Anopheles gambiae s.s. populations from Cameroon with emphasis on insecticide knockdown resistance mutations. Mol Ecol. 2009;18:3076\u201386.","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"key":"5212_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msq002","volume":"27","author":"A Lynd","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lynd A, Weetman D, Barbosa S, Egyir Yawson A, Mitchell S, Pinto J, et al. Field, genetic, and modeling approaches show strong positive selection acting upon an insecticide resistance mutation in Anopheles gambiae s.s. Mol Biol Evol. 2010;27:1117\u201325.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"5212_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1418892112","volume":"112","author":"LC Norris","year":"2015","unstructured":"Norris LC, Main BJ, Lee Y, Collier TC, Fofana A, Cornel AJ, et al. Adaptive introgression in an African malaria mosquito coincident with the increased usage of insecticide-treated bed nets. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2015;112:815\u201320.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"5212_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-2759-1","volume":"18","author":"MJ Hanemaaijer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hanemaaijer MJ, Higgins H, Eralp I, Yamasaki Y, Becker N, Kirstein OD, et al. Introgression between Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii in Burkina Faso and its associations with kdr resistance and Plasmodium infection. Malar J. 2019;18:127.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5212_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2583.2000.00206.x","volume":"9","author":"M Weill","year":"2000","unstructured":"Weill M, Chandre F, Brengues C, Manguin S, Akogbeto M, Pasteur N, et al. The kdr mutation occurs in the Mopti form of Anopheles gambiae s.s. through introgression. Insect Mol Biol. 2000;9:451\u20135.","journal-title":"Insect Mol Biol"},{"key":"5212_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2004.03.018","volume":"34","author":"J Hemingway","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hemingway J, Hawkes NJ, McCarroll L, Ranson H. The molecular basis of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 2004;34:653\u201365.","journal-title":"Insect Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"5212_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2020.104666","volume":"170","author":"J Vontas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vontas J, Katsavou E, Mavridis K. Cytochrome P450-based metabolic insecticide resistance in Anopheles and Aedes mosquito vectors: muddying the waters. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 2020;170:104666.","journal-title":"Pestic Biochem Physiol"},{"key":"5212_CR24","unstructured":"Instituto Nacional de Estat\u00edstica - Rep\u00fablica Democr\u00e1tica de S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 e Pr\u00edncipe. Projec\u00e7\u00f5es Demogr\u00e1ficas de S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 e Pr\u00edncipe no Horizonte 2035. S. Tom\u00e9. S. Tom\u00e9 e Pr\u00edncipe; 2015. https:\/\/ine.st\/. Accessed 02 Aug 2024."},{"key":"5212_CR25","unstructured":"Instituto Nacional de Estat\u00edstica - Rep\u00fablica Democr\u00e1tica de S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 e Pr\u00edncipe. Resultados Gerais sobre Localidades - IV Recenseamento Geral da Popula\u00e7\u00e3o e da Habita\u00e7\u00e3o 2012. S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9. 2012. https:\/\/ine.st\/. Accessed 02 Aug 2024."},{"key":"5212_CR26","volume-title":"Manual for monitoring insecticide resistance in mosquito vectors and selecting appropriate interventions","author":"WHO","year":"2022","unstructured":"WHO. Manual for monitoring insecticide resistance in mosquito vectors and selecting appropriate interventions. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022."},{"key":"5212_CR27","unstructured":"WHO. Standard operating procedure for testing insecticide susceptibility of adult mosquitoes in WHO tube tests. Geneva. 2022 Jan. http:\/\/www.inreskit.usm.my. Accessed 09 Aug 2024."},{"key":"5212_CR28","volume-title":"Standard operating procedure for determining the ability of PBO to restore susceptibility of adult mosquitoes to pyrethroid insecticides in WHO tube tests","author":"WHO","year":"2022","unstructured":"WHO. Standard operating procedure for determining the ability of PBO to restore susceptibility of adult mosquitoes to pyrethroid insecticides in WHO tube tests. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022."},{"key":"5212_CR29","volume-title":"Techniques to detect insecticide resistance mechanisms (field and laboratory manual)","author":"WHO","year":"1998","unstructured":"WHO. Techniques to detect insecticide resistance mechanisms (field and laboratory manual). Geneva: World Health Organization; 1998."},{"key":"5212_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2915.2002.00393.x","volume":"16","author":"C Fanello","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fanello C, Santolamazza F, Della Torre A. Simultaneous identification of species and molecular forms of the Anopheles gambiae complex by PCR-RFLP. Med Vet Entomol. 2002;16:461\u20134.","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"5212_CR31","volume-title":"Test procedures for insecticide resistance monitoring in malaria vector mosquitoes","author":"WHO","year":"2018","unstructured":"WHO. Test procedures for insecticide resistance monitoring in malaria vector mosquitoes. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018."},{"key":"5212_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1006499","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006499","volume":"13","author":"H Alout","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alout H, Roche B, Dabir\u00e9 RK, Cohuet A. Consequences of insecticide resistance on malaria transmission. PLoS Pathog. 2017;13:e1006499.","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"5212_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-3037-y","volume":"18","author":"YA Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen YA, Lien JC, Tseng LF, Cheng CF, Lin WY, Wang HY, et al. Effects of indoor residual spraying and outdoor larval control on Anopheles coluzzii from S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe, two islands with pre-eliminated malaria. Malar J. 2019;18:405.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5212_CR34","unstructured":"Centro Nacional de Endemias. Atualiza\u00e7\u00e3o do Plano Estrat\u00e9gico Nacional para Elimina\u00e7\u00e3o do Paludismo em STP 2017\u20132021 - Estrat\u00e9gia para Acelerar as Interven\u00e7\u00f5es de Elimina\u00e7\u00e3o do Paludismo - Programa Nacional de Luta Contra o Paludismo. S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9. 2020 Jan. https:\/\/minsaude.st\/documentos\/. Accessed 10 Aug 2024."},{"key":"5212_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-264","volume":"9","author":"P-W Lee","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lee P-W, Liu C-T, Do Rosario VE, De Sousa B, Rampao HS, Shaio M-F. Potential threat of malaria epidemics in a low transmission area, as exemplified by S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe. Malar J. 2010;9:264.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5212_CR36","unstructured":"Centro Nacional de Endemias - Rep\u00fablica Democr\u00e1tica de S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 e Pr\u00edncipe. Programa Nacional de Elimina\u00e7\u00e3o do Paludismo - Plano Estrat\u00e9gico Nacional para a Elimina\u00e7\u00e3o do Paludismo em STP 2023\u20132027. 2023 May. https:\/\/minsaude.st\/documentos\/. Accessed 10 Aug 2024."},{"key":"5212_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1462-0","volume":"9","author":"J Chabi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chabi J, Baidoo PK, Datsomor AK, Okyere D, Ablorde A, Iddrisu A, et al. Insecticide susceptibility of natural populations of Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles gambiae (sensu stricto) from Okyereko irrigation site, Ghana, West Africa. Parasit Vectors. 2016;9:182.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"5212_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13641","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.13641","volume":"17","author":"AN Fadel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fadel AN, Ibrahim SS, Sandeu MM, Tatsinkou CGM, Menze BD, Irving H, et al. Exploring the molecular mechanisms of increased intensity of pyrethroid resistance in Central African population of a major malaria vector Anopheles coluzzii. Evol Appl. 2024;17:e13641.","journal-title":"Evol Appl"},{"key":"5212_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.106291","volume":"227","author":"AI Omotayo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Omotayo AI, Ande AT, Oduola AO, Adelaja OJ, Adesalu O, Jimoh TR, et al. Multiple insecticide resistance mechanisms in urban population of Anopheles coluzzii (Diptera: culicidae) from Lagos, South-West Nigeria. Acta Trop. 2022;227:106291.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"5212_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-1691(14)60238-0","volume":"4","author":"N A\u00efzoun","year":"2014","unstructured":"A\u00efzoun N, A\u00efkpon R, Akogb\u00e9to M. Evidence of increasing L1014F kdr mutation frequency in Anopheles gambiae s.l. pyrethroid resistant following a nationwide distribution of LLIN by the Beninese National Malaria Control Programme. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2014;4:239\u201343.","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Biomed"},{"key":"5212_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06206-8","volume":"17","author":"EM Odjo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Odjo EM, Impoinvil D, Fassinou AJYH, Padonou GG, A\u00efkpon R, Salako AS, et al. The frequency of kdr and ace-1 alleles in Anopheles gambiae s.l. before and during indoor residual spraying (IRS) implementation and four years after IRS withdrawal in three districts in Atacora, Benin. Parasit Vectors. 2024;17:115.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"5212_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633905","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.633905","volume":"11","author":"H Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang H, Li M, Tan R, Deng C, Huang B, Wu Z, et al. Presence of L1014F knockdown-resistance mutation in Anopheles gambiae s.s. from S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021;11:633905.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"5212_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0863-9","volume":"8","author":"DP Price","year":"2015","unstructured":"Price DP, Schilkey FD, Ulanov A, Hansen IA. Small mosquitoes, large implications: crowding and starvation affects gene expression and nutrient accumulation in Aedes aegypti. Parasit Vectors. 2015;8:252.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"5212_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859847","DOI":"10.3389\/finsc.2022.859847","volume":"2","author":"K Huang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang K, Liu Y, Perrimon N. Roles of insect oenocytes in physiology and their relevance to human metabolic diseases. Front Insect Sci. 2022;2:859847.","journal-title":"Front Insect Sci"},{"key":"5212_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-2022-6","volume":"16","author":"S Mbepera","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mbepera S, Nkwengulila G, Peter R, Mausa EA, Mahande AM, Coetzee M, et al. The influence of age on insecticide susceptibility of Anopheles arabiensis during dry and rainy seasons in rice irrigation schemes of Northern Tanzania. Malar J. 2017;16:364.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"5212_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12577","volume":"36","author":"B Tene-Fossog","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tene-Fossog B, Fotso-Toguem YG, Amvongo-Adjia N, Ranson H, Wondji CS. Temporal variation of high-level pyrethroid resistance in the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae s.l. in Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon, is mediated by target-site and metabolic resistance. Med Vet Entomol. 2022;36:247\u201359.","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"5212_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-450","volume":"7","author":"APB Silva","year":"2014","unstructured":"Silva APB, Maria J, Santos M, Martins AJ. Mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene of anophelines and their association with resistance to pyrethroids-a review. Parasit Vectors. 2014;7:450.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"5212_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-023-04820-y","volume":"22","author":"ST Boussougou-Sambe","year":"2023","unstructured":"Boussougou-Sambe ST, Ngossanga B, Doumba-Ndalembouly AG, Boussougou LN, Woldearegai TG, Mougeni F, et al. Anopheles gambiae s.s. resistance to pyrethroids and DDT in semi-urban and rural areas of the Moyen-Ogoou\u00e9 Province, Gabon. Malar J. 2023;22:382.","journal-title":"Malar J"}],"container-title":["Malaria Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-024-05212-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12936-024-05212-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12936-024-05212-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T14:12:43Z","timestamp":1734531163000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/malariajournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12936-024-05212-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5212"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-024-05212-6","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-4993272\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1475-2875"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2875","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 August 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 December 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 December 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"390"}}