{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T14:59:11Z","timestamp":1774537151020,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,31]],"date-time":"2015-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1438300800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Resour Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12960-015-0064-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,30]],"date-time":"2015-07-30T11:02:25Z","timestamp":1438254145000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Feminization of the medical workforce in low-income settings; findings from surveys in three African capital cities"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Giuliano","family":"Russo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Luzia","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Craveiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gilles","family":"Dussault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"64_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-4491-12-32","volume":"12","author":"L Hedden","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hedden L, Barer ML, Cardiff K, McGrail KM, Law MR, Bourgeault IL. The implications of the feminization of the primary care physician workforce on service supply: a systematic review. Hum Resour Health. 2014;12(1):32.","journal-title":"Hum Resour Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"64_CR2","first-page":"5","volume":"101","author":"DJ Ncayiyana","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ncayiyana DJ. Feminisation of the South African medical profession--not yet nirvana for gender equity. South Afr Med J Suid-Afr Tydskr Vir Geneeskd. 2011;101(1):5.","journal-title":"South Afr Med J Suid-Afr Tydskr Vir Geneeskd"},{"issue":"1","key":"64_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2008.05.010","volume":"89","author":"C Kaneto","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kaneto C, Toyokawa S, Inoue K, Kobayashi Y. Gender difference in physician workforce participation in Japan. Health Policy Amst Neth. 2009;89(1):115\u201323.","journal-title":"Health Policy Amst Neth"},{"key":"64_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-6-56","volume":"6","author":"B McKinstry","year":"2006","unstructured":"McKinstry B, Colthart I, Elliott K, Hunter C. The feminization of the medical work force, implications for Scottish primary care: a survey of Scottish general practitioners. BMC Health Serv Res. 2006;6:56.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"64_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.1378","volume":"18","author":"TF Crossley","year":"2009","unstructured":"Crossley TF, Hurley J, Jeon S-H. Physician labour supply in Canada: a cohort analysis. Health Econ. 2009;18(4):437\u201356.","journal-title":"Health Econ"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"64_CR6","first-page":"S83","volume":"40","author":"M Estryn-Behar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Estryn-Behar M, Fry C, Guetarni K, Aune I, Machet G, Doppia MA, et al. Work week duration, work-family balance and difficulties encountered by female and male physicians: results from the French SESMAT study. Work Read Mass. 2011;40 Suppl 1:S83\u2013S100.","journal-title":"Work Read Mass"},{"key":"64_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-9-180","volume":"9","author":"S Koike","year":"2009","unstructured":"Koike S, Matsumoto S, Kodama T, Ide H, Yasunaga H, Imamura T. Estimation of physician supply by specialty and the distribution impact of increasing female physicians in Japan. BMC Health Serv Res. 2009;9:180.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"64_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-4015-2-37","volume":"2","author":"Z Haklai","year":"2013","unstructured":"Haklai Z, Applbaum Y, Tal O, Aburbeh M, Goldberger NF. Female physicians: trends and likely impacts on healthcare in Israel. Isr J Health Policy Res. 2013;2(1):37.","journal-title":"Isr J Health Policy Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"64_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-141-6-200409210-00013","volume":"141","author":"W Levinson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Levinson W, Lurie N. When most doctors are women: What lies ahead? Ann Intern Med. 2004;141(6):471\u20134.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"64_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.1344","volume":"17","author":"A Constant","year":"2008","unstructured":"Constant A, L\u00e9ger PT. Estimating differences between male and female physician service provision using panel data. Health Econ. 2008;17(11):1295\u2013315.","journal-title":"Health Econ"},{"issue":"5","key":"64_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.09.072728","volume":"88","author":"P Serneels","year":"2010","unstructured":"Serneels P, Montalvo JG, Pettersson G, Lievens T, Butera JD, Kidanu A. Who wants to work in a rural health post? The role of intrinsic motivation, rural background and faith-based institutions in Ethiopia and Rwanda. Bull World Health Organ. 2010;88(5):342\u20139.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"64_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1108\/14777260610661556","volume":"20","author":"F French","year":"2006","unstructured":"French F, Andrew J, Awramenko M, Coutts H, Leighton-Beck L, Mollison J, et al. Why do work patterns differ between men and women GPs? J Health Organ Manag. 2006;20(2\u20133):163\u201372.","journal-title":"J Health Organ Manag"},{"key":"64_CR13","first-page":"17","volume":"94","author":"C Wang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wang C, Sweetman A. Gender, family status and physician labour supply. Soc Sci Med 1982. 2013;94:17\u201325.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med 1982"},{"issue":"2","key":"64_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2010.0597","volume":"30","author":"ATL Sasso","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sasso ATL, Richards MR, Chou C-F, Gerber SE. The $16,819 pay gap for newly trained physicians: the unexplained trend of men earning more than women. Health Aff (Millwood). 2011;30(2):193\u2013201.","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)"},{"issue":"1","key":"64_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2012.05.009","volume":"107","author":"K-A Johannessen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Johannessen K-A, Hagen TP. Variations in labor supply between female and male hospital physicians: results from a modern welfare state. Health Policy Amst Neth. 2012;107(1):74\u201382.","journal-title":"Health Policy Amst Neth"},{"issue":"21\u201322","key":"64_CR16","first-page":"305","volume":"138","author":"B Buddeberg-Fischer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Buddeberg-Fischer B, Stamm M, Buddeberg C, Klaghofer R. The new generation of family physicians--career motivation, life goals and work-life balance. Swiss Med Wkly. 2008;138(21\u201322):305\u201312.","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"key":"64_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamat US, Ferreira A. The career destination of doctors who graduated from a medical college in Goa, India between 2000\u20132005: a retrospective cohort study. South East Asia J Public Health [Internet]. 2014 Jan 18 [cited 2014 Aug 13];3(1). Available from: http:\/\/harvesters.sfu.ca\/inasp\/index.php\/record\/view\/39110","DOI":"10.3329\/seajph.v3i1.17714"},{"issue":"1","key":"64_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-4491-9-25","volume":"9","author":"N Gupta","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gupta N, Alfano M. Access to non-pecuniary benefits: does gender matter? Evidence from six low- and middle-income countries. Hum Resour Health. 2011;9(1):25.","journal-title":"Hum Resour Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"64_CR19","first-page":"267","volume":"54","author":"R Gruen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gruen R, Anwar R, Begum T, Killingsworth JR, Normand C. Dual job holding practitioners in Bangladesh: an exploration. Soc Sci Med 1982. 2002;54(2):267\u201379.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med 1982"},{"issue":"6","key":"64_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czt071","volume":"29","author":"G Russo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Russo G, McPake B, Fronteira I, Ferrinho P. Negotiating markets for health: an exploration of physicians\u2019 engagement in dual practice in three African capital cities. Health Policy Plan. 2014;29(6):774\u201383.","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"key":"64_CR21","volume-title":"Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o da Iniciativa de Bamako na Guin\u00e9-Bissau: \u201cSem dinheiro est\u00e1s morto.\u201d","author":"J Einard\u00f3ttir","year":"2011","unstructured":"Einard\u00f3ttir J. Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o da Iniciativa de Bamako na Guin\u00e9-Bissau: \u201cSem dinheiro est\u00e1s morto.\u201d. Bissau: MoH of Guinea Bissau; 2011."},{"issue":"2","key":"64_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300399","volume":"102","author":"GY Carolini","year":"2012","unstructured":"Carolini GY. Framing water, sanitation, and hygiene needs among female-headed households in periurban Maputo. Mozambique Am J Public Health. 2012;102(2):256\u201361.","journal-title":"Mozambique Am J Public Health"},{"key":"64_CR23","unstructured":"ADB. Cape Verde: the road ahead [Internet]. African Development Bank; 2012 [cited 2013 Apr 17]. Available from: http:\/\/www.afdb.org\/fileadmin\/uploads\/afdb\/Documents\/Project-and-Operations\/Cape%20Verde%20-%20The%20Road%20Ahead.pdf"},{"issue":"2","key":"64_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1214\/ss\/1009213286","volume":"16","author":"LD Brown","year":"2001","unstructured":"Brown LD, Cai TT, DasGupta A. Interval estimation for a binomial proportion. Stat Sci. 2001;16(2):101\u201333.","journal-title":"Stat Sci"},{"key":"64_CR25","volume-title":"Epitools epidemiological calculators. AusVet Animal Health Services and Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre for Emerging Infectious Disease","author":"E Sergeant","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sergeant E. Epitools epidemiological calculators. AusVet Animal Health Services and Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre for Emerging Infectious Disease. 2009."},{"key":"64_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/b15694","volume-title":"Generalized linear models for categorical and continuous limited dependent variables","author":"M Smithson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Smithson M, Merkle EC. Generalized linear models for categorical and continuous limited dependent variables. 1st ed. Boca Raton: Chapman and Hall\/CRC; 2013. 308 p.","edition":"1"},{"key":"64_CR27","unstructured":"Jackman S. pscl: classes and methods for R Developed in the political science computational laboratory. Stanford University; 2008."},{"issue":"2","key":"64_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.2307\/1912557","volume":"57","author":"QH Vuong","year":"1989","unstructured":"Vuong QH. Likelihood ratio tests for model selection and non-nested hypotheses. Econometrica. 1989;57(2):307\u201333.","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"issue":"396","key":"64_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1986.10478361","volume":"81","author":"DA Pierce","year":"1986","unstructured":"Pierce DA, Schafer DW. Residuals in generalized linear models. J Am Stat Assoc. 1986;81(396):977\u201386.","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"64_CR30","volume-title":"Predictive factors of graft dysfunction and long-term kidney allograft failure","author":"IM Silva Fonseca Da","year":"2014","unstructured":"Da Silva Fonseca IM. Predictive factors of graft dysfunction and long-term kidney allograft failure. Porto: Universidade do Porto; 2014."},{"issue":"7647","key":"64_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39505.491065.94","volume":"336","author":"B McKinstry","year":"2008","unstructured":"McKinstry B. Are there too many female medical graduates? Yes BMJ. 2008;336(7647):748.","journal-title":"Yes BMJ"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"64_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2013.09.016","volume":"113","author":"WB Weeks","year":"2013","unstructured":"Weeks WB, Paraponaris A, Ventelou B. Sex-based differences in income and response to proposed financial incentives among general practitioners in France. Health Policy. 2013;113(1\u20132):199\u2013205.","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"64_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1813-6982.2002.tb00042.x","volume":"70","author":"D Casale","year":"2002","unstructured":"Casale D, Posel D. The continued feminisation of the labour force in South Africa. South Afr J Econ. 2002;70(1):156\u201384.","journal-title":"South Afr J Econ"},{"key":"64_CR34","unstructured":"King EM, Hill MA. Women\u2019s education in developing countries: barriers, benefits, and policies. World Bank Publications; 1997. 356 p."},{"issue":"6","key":"64_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.25.6.1620","volume":"25","author":"DE Watson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Watson DE, Slade S, Buske L, Tepper J. Intergenerational differences in workloads among primary care physicians: a ten-year, population-based study. Health Aff Proj Hope. 2006;25(6):1620\u20138.","journal-title":"Health Aff Proj Hope"},{"issue":"3","key":"64_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2005.06.007","volume":"63","author":"JA Rizzo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rizzo JA, Zeckhauser RJ. Pushing incomes to reference points: why do male doctors earn more? J Econ Behav Organ. 2007;63(3):514\u201336.","journal-title":"J Econ Behav Organ"},{"issue":"2","key":"64_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.28.2.557","volume":"28","author":"WB Weeks","year":"2009","unstructured":"Weeks WB, Wallace TA, Wallace AE. How do race and sex affect the earnings of primary care physicians? Health Aff (Millwood). 2009;28(2):557\u201366.","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)"},{"key":"64_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.10.040","volume":"122","author":"B McPake","year":"2014","unstructured":"McPake B, Russo G, Tseng F-M. How do dual practitioners divide their time? The cases of three African capital cities. Soc Sci Med. 2014;122:113\u201321.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"64_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.13.118729","volume":"91","author":"J Campbell","year":"2013","unstructured":"Campbell J, Buchan J, Cometto G, David B, Dussault G, Fogstad H, et al. Human resources for health and universal health coverage: fostering equity and effective coverage. Bull World Health Organ. 2013;91(11):853\u201363.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"11","key":"64_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.13.118927","volume":"91","author":"A Sousa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sousa A, Scheffler RM, Nyoni J, Boerma T. A comprehensive health labour market framework for universal health coverage. Bull World Health Organ. 2013;91(11):892\u20134.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"2","key":"64_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.3138\/cbmh.19.2.327","volume":"19","author":"J Duffin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Duffin J. The quota: \u201can equally serious problem\u201d for us all. Can Bull Med Hist Bull Can Hist M\u00e9d. 2002;19(2):327\u201349.","journal-title":"Can Bull Med Hist Bull Can Hist M\u00e9d"},{"issue":"1","key":"64_CR42","first-page":"32","volume":"55","author":"F Knaul","year":"2000","unstructured":"Knaul F, Frenk J, Aguilar AM. The gender composition of the medical profession in Mexico: implications for employment patterns and physician labor supply. J Am Med Womens Assoc 1972. 2000;55(1):32\u20135.","journal-title":"J Am Med Womens Assoc 1972"},{"issue":"1","key":"64_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-4491-12-25","volume":"12","author":"C Newman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Newman C. Time to address gender discrimination and inequality in the health workforce. Hum Resour Health. 2014;12(1):25.","journal-title":"Hum Resour Health"},{"key":"64_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-954X.2005.00573.x","volume":"53","author":"A Coyle","year":"2005","unstructured":"Coyle A. Changing times: flexibilization and the re-organization of work in feminized labour markets. Sociol Rev. 2005;53:73\u201388.","journal-title":"Sociol Rev"},{"key":"64_CR45","unstructured":"Global Health Workforce Alliance. A universal truth: no health without a workforce [Internet]. WHO. 2013 [cited 2015 Jan 26]. Available from: http:\/\/www.who.int\/workforcealliance\/knowledge\/resources\/hrhreport2013\/en\/"}],"container-title":["Human Resources for Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12960-015-0064-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12960-015-0064-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12960-015-0064-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12960-015-0064-9","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,19]],"date-time":"2022-05-19T16:38:56Z","timestamp":1652978336000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/human-resources-health.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12960-015-0064-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,31]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}},"alternative-id":["64"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12960-015-0064-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1478-4491"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1478-4491","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 March 2015","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 July 2015","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 July 2015","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"64"}}