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This study aimed to estimate associations of parent-perceived neighbourhood environment characteristics with self-reported ATS among adolescents from 14 countries, and whether associations differ by sex, city\/region, and distance to school.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Observational cross-sectional design. Data were from the International Physical activity and Environment Network (IPEN) Adolescent study and included 6302 adolescents (mean age 14.5 \u00b1\u20091.7 years, 54% girls) and a caretaker from 16 diverse sites. Adolescents self-reported usual travel to and from school by walking and bicycling (days\/week) and time it would take to walk. Parents completed the Neighbourhood Environment Walkability Scale for Youth (13 scores computed). Generalised additive mixed models estimated associations of parent neighbourhood perceptions with 1) any active transport to\/from school, 2) regular walking (5\u201310 times\/week), 3) regular cycling to\/from school, and 4) profiles of ATS generated using latent profile analyses. Interactions were also explored.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Overall, 58.7% reported any ATS, 39.9% regularly walked, 7.7% regularly cycled, and four profiles of ATS were identified: walk to and from school; walk from school; cycle to and from school; no ATS. Distance to school was negatively associated with all outcomes, though evidence was weak for regular cycling to\/from school. Land use mix \u2013 diversity was positively related to all ATS outcomes except those related to cycling. Accessibility and walking facilities were associated with higher odds of any ATS, regular walking to\/from school, and the profile walking to and from school. Residential density was negatively related to regular cycling to\/from school. Positive associations were observed between traffic safety and any ATS, and between safety from crime, aesthetics, and odds of regular cycling to\/from school. Distance to school, adolescent sex, and city moderated several associations.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Parent perceptions of compact, mixed-use development, walking facilities, and both traffic and crime-related safety were important supportive correlates of a range of ATS outcomes among adolescents in high- and low-middle-income countries. Policies that achieve these attributes should be prioritised to support more widespread ATS.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-025-01738-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T08:24:10Z","timestamp":1747297450000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Associations between parental perceptions of neighbourhood environments and active travel to school: IPEN Adolescent study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8773-5012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Timperio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Duncan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Akram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Molina-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Delfien","family":"Van Dyck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Barnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ferdinand","family":"Salonna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anjana","family":"RM","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"James F.","family":"Sallis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Michal","family":"Vorl\u00ed\u010dek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Erica","family":"Hinckson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kelli L.","family":"Cain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Terry L.","family":"Conway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Wan Abdul Manan","family":"Wan Muda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mika","family":"Moran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Adewale L.","family":"Oyeyemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andreia","family":"Pizarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rodrigo S.","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sheikh Muhammad","family":"Rezwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jasper","family":"Schipperijn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ester","family":"Cerin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"1738_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2018.08.011","volume":"42","author":"SJ Biddle","year":"2019","unstructured":"Biddle SJ, Ciaccioni S, Thomas G, Vergeer I. 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Ethical approval was obtained from the following: Australia: Human Ethics Advisory Group \u2013 Health, Deakin University (HEAG-H 152_2013); Bangladesh: Ethical Review Committee, BRAC University, Bangladesh (IRB reg. number 00009094); Belgium Ethics committee of the Ghent University Hospital (number: B670201112641); Brazil: Pontifical Catholic University of Parana, Brazil research ethics committee (01732512.8.0000.0100\/136.945); Czech Republic: Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Physical Culture of Palack\u00fd University in Olomouc (Ref: 37\/2013); Hong Kong SAR; PR of China: Human Research Ethics Committee for Non-Clinical Faculties of The University of Hong Kong (ref. number EA351010); India: Institutional Ethics Committee of the Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; Israel: IRB received from the ethic committee of the University of Haifa Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences (reference number: 069\/15); Malaysia: Research Ethics Committee (Human) of Universiti Sains Malaysia (FWA Reg No 00007718; IRB Reg No: 00004494); Nigeria: Research and Ethical Committee of the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital (ref. number 09\/10\/2013); Portugal: The Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Sport from the University of Porto (CEFADE 22.2013); Spain: Human Research Ethics Committee at the University of Valencia (number: H1380699879808); USA: Institutional Review Board (IRB), University of California San Diego (Human Research Protections Program, #130615\u2014IPEN Adolescent: International Study of Built Environments and Physical Activity). In Denmark, formal ethical approval was not required by Danish National Committee on Health Research Ethics as the project was not biomedical, however data management procedures were approved by the Danish Data Protection Agency.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"JFS receives honoraria from Gopher Sport Inc related to SPARK physical activity programs and is on the Board of Directors of Rails to Trails Conservancy. The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"55"}}