{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T04:24:01Z","timestamp":1772166241715,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762214400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Discov Public Health"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12982-025-01051-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T00:46:19Z","timestamp":1762217179000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Influence of vaccination status and sarcopenia on the need for physical rehabilitation in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Taciana","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carla Carneiro Rola Gomes","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aline","family":"Magalh\u00e3es-Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Vieira-Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara Cust\u00f3dio","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Breno","family":"Bernardes-Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luiz Ant\u00f4nio Alves","family":"de Menezes-J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mari\u00e2ngela","family":"Carneiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandre Barbosa","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wendel","family":"Coura-Vital","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"1051_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. https:\/\/www.whoint\/europe\/emergencies\/situations\/covid-19 2022."},{"key":"1051_CR2","volume-title":"Recomenda\u00e7\u00f5es Para avalia\u00e7\u00e3o e reabilita\u00e7\u00e3o p\u00f3s-COVID-19","author":"I Nogueira","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nogueira I, Fontoura F, Carvalho C. Recomenda\u00e7\u00f5es Para avalia\u00e7\u00e3o e reabilita\u00e7\u00e3o p\u00f3s-COVID-19. S\u00e3o Paulo: ASSOBRAFIR; 2021."},{"key":"1051_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-95565-8","volume":"11","author":"S Lopez-Leon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lopez-Leon S, Wegman-Ostrosky T, Perelman C, Sepulveda R, Rebolledo PA, Cuapio A, Villapol S. More than 50 long-term effects of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2021;11:1\u201312.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1051_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000005014","volume":"49","author":"MA Martillo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Martillo MA, Dangayach NS, Tabacof L, Spielman LA, Dams-O\u2019Connor K, Chan CC, et al. Postintensive care syndrome in survivors of critical illness related to coronavirus disease 2019: cohort study from a new York City critical care recovery clinic. Crit Care Med. 2021;49:1427\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCM.0000000000005014.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"1051_CR5","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). A clinical case definition of post COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus, 6 October 2021. World Health Organization; 2021."},{"key":"1051_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03553-9","volume":"594","author":"Z Al-Aly","year":"2021","unstructured":"Al-Aly Z, Xie Y, Bowe B. High-dimensional characterization of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. Nature. 2021;594:259\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-021-03553-9.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1051_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2020.1014","volume":"11","author":"C Welch","year":"2020","unstructured":"Welch C, Greig C, Masud T, Wilson D, Jackson TA. COVID-19 and acute sarcopenia. Aging Dis. 2020;11:1345\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14336\/AD.2020.1014.","journal-title":"Aging Dis"},{"key":"1051_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2887","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-021-01942-8","volume":"33","author":"K Piotrowicz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Piotrowicz K, Gasowski J, Michel JP, Veronese N. Post-COVID-19 acute sarcopenia: physiopathology and management. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2021;33:2887\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40520-021-01942-8.","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"1051_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva RMVd, Sousa AVCd. Fase cr\u00f4nica Da COVID-19: desafios do fisioterapeuta diante das disfun\u00e7\u00f5es musculoesquel\u00e9ticas. SciELO Brasil; 2020. p. e0033002.","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-5918.033.ed02"},{"key":"1051_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.22037\/ijcn.v17i2.36829","volume":"17","author":"H Montazerlotfelahi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Montazerlotfelahi H, Norouzi M, Askarimoghaddam F, Hashemnejad MA, Bastan Sarabi N, Qorbani M, et al. Neurological involvements in COVID-19: A hospital-based study. Iran J Child Neurol. 2023;17:69\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22037\/ijcn.v17i2.36829.","journal-title":"Iran J Child Neurol"},{"key":"1051_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2491","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S316708","volume":"14","author":"M Garg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Garg M, Maralakunte M, Garg S, Dhooria S, Sehgal I, Bhalla AS, et al. The conundrum of \u2018Long-COVID-19\u2019: A narrative review. Int J Gen Med. 2021;14:2491\u2013506. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IJGM.S316708.","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"key":"1051_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2021-326405","volume":"92","author":"JP Rogers","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rogers JP, Watson CJ, Badenoch J, Cross B, Butler M, Song J, et al. Neurology and neuropsychiatry of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the early literature reveals frequent CNS manifestations and key emerging narratives. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2021;92:932\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp-2021-326405.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"1051_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7129e1","volume":"71","author":"R Link-Gelles","year":"2022","unstructured":"Link-Gelles R, Levy ME, Gaglani M, Irving SA, Stockwell M, Dascomb K, et al. Effectiveness of 2, 3, and 4 COVID-19 mRNA vaccine doses among immunocompetent adults during periods when SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 and BA.2\/BA.2.12.1 sublineages Predominated - VISION Network, 10 States, December 2021-June 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022;71:931\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm7129e1.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"1051_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e168","DOI":"10.1017\/ash.2023.447","volume":"3","author":"AR Marra","year":"2023","unstructured":"Marra AR, Kobayashi T, Callado GY, Pardo I, Gutfreund MC, Hsieh MK, et al. The effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccine in the prevention of post-COVID conditions: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of the latest research. Antimicrob Steward Healthc Epidemiol. 2023;3:e168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/ash.2023.447.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Steward Healthc Epidemiol"},{"key":"1051_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00460-6","volume":"22","author":"M Antonelli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Antonelli M, Penfold RS, Merino J, Sudre CH, Molteni E, Berry S, et al. Risk factors and disease profile of post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 infection in UK users of the COVID symptom study app: a prospective, community-based, nested, case-control study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022;22:43\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00460-6.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"1051_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0866","volume":"43","author":"C Gutenbrunner","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gutenbrunner C, Meyer T, Melvin J, Stucki G. Towards a conceptual description of physical and rehabilitation medicine. J Rehabil Med. 2011;43:760\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2340\/16501977-0866.","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"1051_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.23736\/S1973-9087.20.06660-5","volume":"57","author":"C Curci","year":"2021","unstructured":"Curci C, Negrini F, Ferrillo M, Bergonzi R, Bonacci E, Camozzi DM, et al. Functional outcome after inpatient rehabilitation in postintensive care unit COVID-19 patients: findings and clinical implications from a real-practice retrospective study. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2021;57:443\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23736\/S1973-9087.20.06660-5.","journal-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med"},{"key":"1051_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000001549","volume":"99","author":"M Hermann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hermann M, Pekacka-Egli AM, Witassek F, Baumgaertner R, Schoendorf S, Spielmanns M. Feasibility and efficacy of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation after COVID-19. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2020;99:865\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PHM.0000000000001549.","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"1051_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147997312110156","DOI":"10.1177\/14799731211015691","volume":"18","author":"E Daynes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Daynes E, Gerlis C, Chaplin E, Gardiner N, Singh SJ. Early experiences of rehabilitation for individuals post-COVID to improve fatigue, breathlessness exercise capacity and cognition - A cohort study. Chron Respir Dis. 2021;18:14799731211015691. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/14799731211015691.","journal-title":"Chron Respir Dis"},{"key":"1051_CR20","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). Global COVID-19 clinical platform case report form (CRF) for post COVID condition (Post COVID-19 CRF). 2021."},{"key":"1051_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1590\/S1518-8787.2016050006963","volume":"50","author":"EN Moraes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Moraes EN, Carmo JA, Moraes FL, Azevedo RS, Machado CJ, Montilla DE. Clinical-Functional vulnerability Index-20 (IVCF-20): rapid recognition of frail older adults. Rev Saude Publica. 2016;50:81. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S1518-8787.2016050006963.","journal-title":"Rev Saude Publica"},{"key":"1051_CR22","unstructured":"(PBH) PdBH. Guia para manejo p\u00f3s-COVID-19. Belo Horizonte: Secretaria Municipal de Sa\u00fade. Available at: https:\/\/prefeiturapbhgovbr.2021."},{"key":"1051_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00103115","DOI":"10.1590\/0102-311X00103115","volume":"32","author":"TR Cortes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cortes TR, Faerstein E, Struchiner CJ. [Use of causal diagrams in epidemiology: application to a situation with confounding]. Cad Saude Publica. 2016;32:e00103115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0102-311X00103115.","journal-title":"Cad Saude Publica"},{"key":"1051_CR24","unstructured":"Silva AAMd. Introdu\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 infer\u00eancia causal em epidemiologia: uma abordagem gr\u00e1fica e contrafatual. Introdu\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 infer\u00eancia causal em epidemiologia: uma abordagem gr\u00e1fica e contrafatual2021. p. 402."},{"key":"1051_CR25","unstructured":"Hernan M, Robins J. Causal inference: what if. Chapman Hall\/CRC: Boca Raton. 2020."},{"key":"1051_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pearl J. Causality: models, reasoning, and inference. Cambridge University Press; 2009.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511803161"},{"key":"1051_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000002578","volume":"104","author":"MC Maccarone","year":"2025","unstructured":"Maccarone MC, Coraci D, Regazzo G, Masiero S. Symptoms patterns and Health-Related quality of life in a Real-Life cohort of Long-COVID patients: complexity to optimize rehabilitation treatment. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2025;104:231\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PHM.0000000000002578.","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"1051_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1194676","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1194676","volume":"14","author":"MC Maccarone","year":"2023","unstructured":"Maccarone MC, Coraci D, Bernini A, Sarandria N, Valente MR, Frigo AC, et al. Sarcopenia prevalence and association with nutritional status in cohort of elderly patients affected by musculoskeletal concerns: a real-life analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;14:1194676. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2023.1194676.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"1051_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac458","volume":"227","author":"MB DeSilva","year":"2023","unstructured":"DeSilva MB, Mitchell PK, Klein NP, Dixon BE, Tenforde MW, Thompson MG, et al. Protection of two and three mRNA vaccine doses against severe outcomes among adults hospitalized with COVID-19-VISION Network, August 2021 to March 2022. J Infect Dis. 2023;227:961\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiac458.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"1051_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S159","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac439","volume":"75","author":"NM Lewis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lewis NM, Self WH, Gaglani M, Ginde AA, Douin DJ, Keipp Talbot H, et al. Effectiveness of the Ad26.COV2.S (Johnson & Johnson) coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine for preventing COVID-19 hospitalizations and progression to high disease severity in the united States. Clin Infect Dis. 2022;75:S159\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciac439.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"1051_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n2015","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n2015","volume":"374","author":"OT Ranzani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ranzani OT, Hitchings MDT, Dorion M, D\u2019Agostini TL, de Paula RC, de Paula OFP, et al. Effectiveness of the coronavac vaccine in older adults during a gamma variant associated epidemic of covid-19 in brazil: test negative case-control study. BMJ. 2021;374:n2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.n2015.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1051_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2023-323483","volume":"110","author":"N Mercade-Besora","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mercade-Besora N, Li X, Kolde R, Trinh NT, Sanchez-Santos MT, Man WY, et al. The role of COVID-19 vaccines in preventing post-COVID-19 thromboembolic and cardiovascular complications. Heart. 2024;110:635\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/heartjnl-2023-323483.","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"1051_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.01.028","volume":"30","author":"K Huh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huh K, Kim YE, Bae GH, Moon JY, Kang JM, Lee J, et al. Vaccination and the risk of post-acute sequelae after COVID-19 in the Omicron-predominant period. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2024;30:666\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.01.028.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"1051_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e076990","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-076990","volume":"383","author":"L Lundberg-Morris","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lundberg-Morris L, Leach S, Xu Y, Martikainen J, Santosa A, Gisslen M, et al. Covid-19 vaccine effectiveness against post-covid-19 condition among 589 722 individuals in sweden: population based cohort study. BMJ. 2023;383:e076990. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj-2023-076990.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1051_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191912422","author":"P Gao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gao P, Liu J, Liu M. Effect of COVID-19 vaccines on reducing the risk of long COVID in the real world: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph191912422.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"1051_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.03.022","volume":"111","author":"F Ceban","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ceban F, Kulzhabayeva D, Rodrigues NB, Di Vincenzo JD, Gill H, Subramaniapillai M, et al. COVID-19 vaccination for the prevention and treatment of long COVID: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Behav Immun. 2023;111:211\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.03.022.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"1051_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e069676","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-069676","volume":"377","author":"D Ayoubkhani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ayoubkhani D, Bermingham C, Pouwels KB, Glickman M, Nafilyan V, Zaccardi F, et al. Trajectory of long Covid symptoms after Covid-19 vaccination: community based cohort study. BMJ. 2022;377:e069676. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj-2021-069676.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1051_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01909-w","volume":"28","author":"A Subramanian","year":"2022","unstructured":"Subramanian A, Nirantharakumar K, Hughes S, Myles P, Williams T, Gokhale KM, et al. Symptoms and risk factors for long COVID in non-hospitalized adults. Nat Med. 2022;28:1706\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-022-01909-w.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"1051_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3528","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30836-0","volume":"13","author":"EJ Thompson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Thompson EJ, Williams DM, Walker AJ, Mitchell RE, Niedzwiedz CL, Yang TC, et al. Long COVID burden and risk factors in 10 UK longitudinal studies and electronic health records. Nat Commun. 2022;13:3528. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-022-30836-0.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"1051_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0260568","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0260568","volume":"16","author":"IM Tleyjeh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tleyjeh IM, Saddik B, AlSwaidan N, AlAnazi A, Ramakrishnan RK, Alhazmi D, et al. Prevalence and predictors of Post-Acute COVID-19 syndrome (PACS) after hospital discharge: A cohort study with 4 months median follow-up. PLoS ONE. 2021;16:e0260568. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0260568.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1051_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.01.014","volume":"185","author":"Y Su","year":"2022","unstructured":"Su Y, Yuan D, Chen DG, Ng RH, Wang K, Choi J, et al. Multiple early factors anticipate post-acute COVID-19 sequelae. Cell. 2022;185:881\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2022.01.014.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1051_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06970-3","volume":"21","author":"HW Du","year":"2021","unstructured":"Du HW, Fang SF, Wu SR, Chen XL, Chen JN, Zhang YX, et al. Six-month follow-up of functional status in discharged patients with coronavirus disease 2019. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21:1271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06970-3.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"1051_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02096-2020","author":"S Belli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Belli S, Balbi B, Prince I, Cattaneo D, Masocco F, Zaccaria S, et al. Low physical functioning and impaired performance of activities of daily life in COVID-19 patients who survived hospitalisation. Eur Respir J. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.02096-2020.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"1051_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.2009.05265.x","volume":"37","author":"AP Russell","year":"2010","unstructured":"Russell AP. Molecular regulation of skeletal muscle mass. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2010;37:378\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1440-1681.2009.05265.x.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol"},{"key":"1051_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17238715","author":"L Sagarra-Romero","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sagarra-Romero L, Vinas-Barros A. COVID-19: short and Long-Term effects of hospitalization on muscular weakness in the elderly. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17238715.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"1051_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0308-3","volume":"20","author":"X Cao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cao X. COVID-19: immunopathology and its implications for therapy. Nat Rev Immunol. 2020;20:269\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41577-020-0308-3.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"1051_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-020-01372-8","volume":"69","author":"GH Meftahi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Meftahi GH, Jangravi Z, Sahraei H, Bahari Z. The possible pathophysiology mechanism of cytokine storm in elderly adults with COVID-19 infection: the contribution of inflame-aging. Inflamm Res. 2020;69:825\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00011-020-01372-8.","journal-title":"Inflamm Res"},{"key":"1051_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.278481","volume":"310","author":"ZA Puthucheary","year":"2013","unstructured":"Puthucheary ZA, Rawal J, McPhail M, Connolly B, Ratnayake G, Chan P, et al. Acute skeletal muscle wasting in critical illness. JAMA. 2013;310:1591\u2013600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2013.278481.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1051_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3514","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-29807-2","volume":"13","author":"PH de Moura","year":"2023","unstructured":"de Moura PH, de Souza H, Brandao DC, Barros C, Correia M, Reinaux C, et al. Mapping peripheral and abdominal sarcopenia acquired in the acute phase of COVID-19 during 7 days of mechanical ventilation. Sci Rep. 2023;13:3514. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-29807-2.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1051_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2022.111945","volume":"168","author":"GB Aguiar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aguiar GB, Dourado KF, Andrade MIS, Domingos Junior IR, Barros-Neto JA, Vasconcelos SML, et al. Frequency and factors associated with sarcopenia prediction in adult and elderly patients hospitalized for COVID-19. Exp Gerontol. 2022;168:111945. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exger.2022.111945.","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"key":"1051_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2016.09.007","volume":"85","author":"F Curcio","year":"2016","unstructured":"Curcio F, Ferro G, Basile C, Liguori I, Parrella P, Pirozzi F, et al. Biomarkers in sarcopenia: A multifactorial approach. Exp Gerontol. 2016;85:1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exger.2016.09.007.","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"key":"1051_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.963","volume":"20","author":"JS Hanberg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hanberg JS, Rao VS, Ahmad T, Chunara Z, Mahoney D, Jackson K, et al. Inflammation and cardio-renal interactions in heart failure: a potential role for interleukin-6. Eur J Heart Fail. 2018;20:933\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejhf.963.","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"1051_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/61.6.575","volume":"61","author":"M Maggio","year":"2006","unstructured":"Maggio M, Guralnik JM, Longo DL, Ferrucci L. Interleukin-6 in aging and chronic disease: a magnificent pathway. J Gerontol Biol Sci Med Sci. 2006;61:575\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gerona\/61.6.575.","journal-title":"J Gerontol Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"1051_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.5935\/0103-507X.20190084","volume":"31","author":"EE Aquim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aquim EE, Bernardo WM, Buzzini RF, Azeredo NSG, Cunha LSD, Damasceno MCP, et al. Brazilian guidelines for early mobilization in intensive care unit. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. 2019;31:434\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5935\/0103-507X.20190084.","journal-title":"Rev Bras Ter Intensiva"},{"key":"1051_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afy169","volume":"48","author":"AJ Cruz-Jentoft","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J, Boirie Y, Bruyere O, Cederholm T, et al. Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing. 2019;48:16\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ageing\/afy169.","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"1051_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S194543","volume":"14","author":"RW Bohannon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bohannon RW. Grip strength: an indispensable biomarker for older adults. Clin Interv Aging. 2019;14:1681\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/CIA.S194543.","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"key":"1051_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.2340\/165019771995109117","volume":"27","author":"E B\u00e4ckman","year":"1995","unstructured":"B\u00e4ckman E, Johansson V, H\u00e4ger B, Sj\u00f6blom P, Henriksson K. Isometric muscle strength and muscular endurance in normal persons aged between 17 and 70 years. J Rehabil Med. 1995;27:109\u201317.","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"1051_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666964","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.666964","volume":"12","author":"BC Clark","year":"2021","unstructured":"Clark BC, Rutkove S, Lupton EC, Padilla CJ, Arnold WD. Potential utility of electrical impedance myography in evaluating Age-Related skeletal muscle function deficits. Front Physiol. 2021;12:666964. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2021.666964.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"1051_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.21037\/qims.2020.02.06","volume":"10","author":"FA Huber","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huber FA, Del Grande F, Rizzo S, Guglielmi G, Guggenberger R. MRI in the assessment of adipose tissues and muscle composition: how to use it. Quant Imaging Med Surg. 2020;10:1636\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/qims.2020.02.06.","journal-title":"Quant Imaging Med Surg"},{"key":"1051_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000001707","volume":"100","author":"MC Maccarone","year":"2021","unstructured":"Maccarone MC, Masiero S. The important impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the reorganization of a rehabilitation unit in a National healthcare system hospital in italy: lessons from our experience. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2021;100:327\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PHM.0000000000001707.","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"1051_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.23736\/S1973-9087.20.06286-3","volume":"56","author":"S Negrini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Negrini S, Ferriero G, Kiekens C, Boldrini P. Facing in real time the challenges of the COVID-19 epidemic for rehabilitation. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2020;56:313\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23736\/S1973-9087.20.06286-3.","journal-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med"},{"key":"1051_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jrm00073","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-2704","volume":"52","author":"S Iannaccone","year":"2020","unstructured":"Iannaccone S, Alemanno F, Houdayer E, Brugliera L, Castellazzi P, Cianflone D, et al. COVID-19 rehabilitation units are twice as expensive as regular rehabilitation units. J Rehabil Med. 2020;52:jrm00073. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2340\/16501977-2704.","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"1051_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1990.tb30338.x","volume":"592","author":"TL Bush","year":"1990","unstructured":"Bush TL. The epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1990;592:263\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1990.tb30338.x. discussion 334\u2009\u2013\u200945.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"1051_CR64","unstructured":"Miranda V. Sarcopenia e fatores de risco: como minimizar os preju\u00edzos durante a quarentena? https:\/\/pebmedcombr\/sarcopenia-e-fatores-de-risco-como-minimizar-os-prejuizos-durante-a-quarentena\/#:~:text=Em%20pacientes%20com%20baixo%20IMC,gr%C3%A3os%20refinados%20refrigerantes%20e%20cerveja. 2020."},{"key":"1051_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e200171","DOI":"10.1590\/1981-22562020023.200171","volume":"23","author":"IR Barbosa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Barbosa IR, Galv\u00e3o MHR, Souza TAd, Gomes SM, Medeiros AA. Lima KCd. Incid\u00eancia e Mortalidade Por COVID-19 Na popula\u00e7\u00e3o Idosa Brasileira e Sua rela\u00e7\u00e3o com indicadores contextuais: Um Estudo ecol\u00f3gico. Revista Brasileira De Geriatria E Gerontologia. 2020;23:e200171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1981-22562020023.200171.","journal-title":"Revista Brasileira De Geriatria E Gerontologia"}],"container-title":["Discover Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12982-025-01051-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12982-025-01051-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12982-025-01051-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T00:46:21Z","timestamp":1762217181000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12982-025-01051-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1051"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12982-025-01051-1","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-5097803\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["3005-0774"],"issn-type":[{"value":"3005-0774","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 September 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Ouro Preto (CAAE: 54298221.9.0000.5150) in accordance with Resolution n\u00ba 466, of december 12, 2012. The researchers adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki in carrying out the research. All the patients who agreed to participate in the study signed an informed consent form.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Consent for publication was obtained in the informed consent form signed by the research participants.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"655"}}