{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T23:37:36Z","timestamp":1776901056475,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766534400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/151520\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/151520\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The Open Access was funded by CEF Project UIDB\/00239: Centro de Estudos Florestais","award":["UIDB\/00239"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00239"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Ethnobiology Ethnomedicine"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Wild edible plants (WEPs) are among the most important non-timber forest products harvested because of their contribution for food security of local populations and generation of income for families. To evaluate the importance of WEPs in Guinea-Bissau (West Africa), this study characterized the diversity of their uses in the country and discusses their current socioeconomic relevance and potential for sustainable use, and conservation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data on WEPs were collected during fieldwork and market surveys carried out across the country, as well as from bibliographic and herbarium sources. A total of 62 interviews (49 women and 13 men, aged 15\u201360\u00a0years) were conducted between November 2021 and August 2024. A set of variables concerning the collection, trade, and consumption of WEPs was drawn up to classify the socioeconomic importance of the species traded.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We documented 115 WEPs from 45 families and 89 genera; 111 of them are native species and four are introduced and naturalized in Guinea-Bissau. Most of the WEP are woody plants found in woodlands and savannah woodlands. Fruits, followed by leaves and underground organs are the most usually consumed parts, mainly eaten raw. Thirty-nine WEPs are traded in the markets, eight of which can be considered as having high socioeconomic importance both as food and income source. Some patterns of use can be highlighted: children consume a larger number of wild fruits than adults, certain plants are only eaten in periods of food shortage, and several species are highly valued in the markets.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In Guinea-Bissau, WEPs play a key role in the traditional diet of local communities, especially when crops are scarce, thus ensuring food security, particularly for the most vulnerable populations. The sustainable use of WEPs can contribute to the well-being of local populations and to the conservation of the natural resources and ecosystems in this West African country.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13002-025-00825-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T10:49:14Z","timestamp":1766573354000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Diversity of wild edible plants of Guinea-Bissau (West Africa): traditional uses and trade"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Bucar","family":"Indjai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Am\u00e9lia","family":"Fraz\u00e3o-Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Segurado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maria Manuel","family":"Romeiras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Catarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"825_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-4269-9-60","volume":"9","author":"A Maroyi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Maroyi A. Use of weeds as traditional vegetables in Shurugwi District, Zimbabwe. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2013;9:1\u201310.","journal-title":"J Ethnobiol Ethnomed"},{"key":"825_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s13002-025-00761-9","volume":"21","author":"D Tadesse","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tadesse D, Masresha G, Lulekal E, Alemu A. Ethnobotanical study of wild edible plants in Metema and Quara districts. Northwestern Ethiopia J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2025;21:7.","journal-title":"Northwestern Ethiopia J Ethnobiol Ethnomed"},{"key":"825_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s13002-024-00703-x","volume":"20","author":"S Biri","year":"2024","unstructured":"Biri S, Ayenew B, Dida G, Sebsibe A, Gurmessa F, Woldeab B, et al. Ethnobotanical study of wild edible plants in Arsi Robe district of East Arsi Zone. Ethiop J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2024;20:70.","journal-title":"Ethiop J Ethnobiol Ethnomed"},{"key":"825_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deguma TH. Wild edible plant nutritional contribution and consumer perception in Ethiopia. Int J Food Sci. 2020; 2958623.","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2958623"},{"key":"825_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s13002-023-00588-2","volume":"19","author":"M Hankiso","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hankiso M, Warkineh B, Asfaw Z, Debella A. Ethnobotany of wild edible plants in Soro District of Hadiya Zone, southern Ethiopia. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2023;19:21.","journal-title":"J Ethnobiol Ethnomed"},{"key":"825_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-63037-3","volume-title":"Edible wild plants: an alternative approach to food security","author":"S Shaheen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shaheen S, Ahmed M, Harron N. Edible wild plants: an alternative approach to food security. Cham: Springer; 2017."},{"key":"825_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2011.08.010","volume":"77","author":"GPP Kamatou","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kamatou GPP, Vermaak I. An updated review of Adansonia digitata: a commercially important African tree. S Afr J Bot. 2011;77:908\u201319 (Viljoen AM.).","journal-title":"S Afr J Bot"},{"key":"825_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-4269-7-8","volume":"7","author":"GN Gouwakinnou","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gouwakinnou GN, Lykke AM, Assogbadjo AE, Sinsin B. Local knowledge, pattern and diversity of use of Sclerocarya birrea. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2011;7:1\u20139.","journal-title":"J Ethnobiol Ethnomed"},{"key":"825_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3408","DOI":"10.3390\/su10103408","volume":"10","author":"PJ Havik","year":"2018","unstructured":"Havik PJ, Monteiro F, Catarino S, Correia AM, Catarino L, Romeiras MM. Agro-economic transitions in Guinea-Bissau (West Africa): historical trends and current insights. Sustainability. 2018;10:3408.","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"825_CR10","volume-title":"Lost crops of Africa: volume III: fruits","author":"National Research Council","year":"2008","unstructured":"National Research Council. Lost crops of Africa: volume III: fruits. Washingnton, DC: National Academies Press; 2008."},{"key":"825_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3493","DOI":"10.3390\/su12083493","volume":"12","author":"R Akinola","year":"2020","unstructured":"Akinola R, Pereira LM, Mabhaudhi T, De Bruin FM, Rusch L. A review of indigenous food crops in Africa and the implications for more sustainable and healthy food systems. Sustainability. 2020;12:3493.","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"825_CR12","first-page":"658","volume":"100","author":"C Shackleton","year":"2004","unstructured":"Shackleton C, Shackleton S. The importance of non-timber forest products in rural livelihood security and as safety nets: a review of evidence from South Africa. S Afr J Sci. 2004;100:658\u201364.","journal-title":"S Afr J Sci"},{"key":"825_CR13","unstructured":"Plant Resources of Tropical Africa (PROTA). (2024). https:\/\/prota.prota4u.org\/. Accessed Nov 2024"},{"key":"825_CR14","unstructured":"African Plant Database (version 3.4.0). (2024). http:\/\/africanplantdatabase.ch. Accessed Nov 2024"},{"key":"825_CR15","unstructured":"Burkill HM. The useful plants of West Tropical Africa. 2nd ed. Vols 1\u20136. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens; 1985 - 2004."},{"key":"825_CR16","unstructured":"Arbonnier M. Arbres, arbustes et lianes d\u2019Afrique de l\u2018Ouest. 4th ed. Versailles: \u00c9ditions Quae. (2019)."},{"key":"825_CR17","first-page":"247","volume":"19","author":"AB Kebenzikato","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kebenzikato AB, Wala K, Atakpama W, Dimobe K, Dourma M, Woegan AY, et al. Ethnobotanical knowledge of baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) in Togo. BASE. 2015;19:247\u201361.","journal-title":"BASE"},{"key":"825_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-012-9345-9","volume":"14","author":"TK Sop","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sop TK, Oldeland J, Bognounou F, Schmiedel U, Thiombiano A. Ethnobotanical knowledge and valuation of woody plants species: a comparative analysis of three ethnic groups from the sub-Sahel of Burkina Faso. Environ Dev Sustain. 2012;14:627\u201349.","journal-title":"Environ Dev Sustain"},{"key":"825_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.24840\/esc.vi07.1336","volume":"7","author":"A Fraz\u00e3o-Moreira","year":"1997","unstructured":"Fraz\u00e3o-Moreira A. Meninos entre \u00e1rvores e lianas: Aprendizagem do mundo e das plantas pelas crian\u00e7as Nalus (Guin\u00e9-Bissau). Educa\u00e7\u00e3o, Sociedade & Culturas. 1997;7:75\u2013108.","journal-title":"Educa\u00e7\u00e3o, Sociedade & Culturas"},{"key":"825_CR20","unstructured":"Fraz\u00e3o-Moreira A. Plantas e \u201cpecadores\u201d: Percep\u00e7\u00f5es da natureza em \u00c1frica. Lisboa: Livros Horizonte. 2009."},{"key":"825_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2016.02.032","volume":"183","author":"L Catarino","year":"2016","unstructured":"Catarino L, Havik PJ, Romeiras MM. Medicinal plants of Guinea-Bissau: therapeutic applications, ethnic diversity and knowledge transfer. J Ethnopharmacol. 2016;183:71\u201394.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"825_CR22","unstructured":"Instituto Nacional de Estat\u00edstica e Censos (Guinea-Bissau), Guinea-Bissau. Minist\u00e9rio da Economia, do Plano e Integra\u00e7\u00e3o Regional. Censo Demografico-2009. Bissau, 2009. 115p."},{"key":"825_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods8100493","volume":"8","author":"L Catarino","year":"2019","unstructured":"Catarino L, Romeiras MM, Bancessi Q, Duarte D, Faria D, Monteiro F, et al. Edible leafy vegetables from West Africa (Guinea-Bissau): consumption, trade and food potential. Foods. 2019;8:493.","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"825_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2016.03.077","volume":"7","author":"L Catarino","year":"2016","unstructured":"Catarino L, Havik PJ, Indjai B, Romeiras MM. Ecological data in support of an analysis of Guinea-Bissau\u05f3 s medicinal flora. Data Brief. 2016;7:1078\u201397.","journal-title":"Data Brief"},{"key":"825_CR25","unstructured":"Catarino L, Martins E, Pinto-Basto MF, Diniz MA. Plantas vasculares e Bri\u00f3fitos da Guin\u00e9-Bissau. Lisboa: IICT \/ IPAD; 2006."},{"key":"825_CR26","unstructured":"Indjai B, Catarino L, Mour\u00e3o D. Mezinhos de Orango \u2013 Plantas medicinais e pessoas da ilha da Rainha Pampa;. IBAP Bissau; 2010."},{"key":"825_CR27","volume-title":"Mezinhos da terra e curas tradicionais nas Ilhas de Canhabaque e do Parque Nacional Marinho Jo\u00e3o Vieira e Poil\u00e3o","author":"B Indjai","year":"2014","unstructured":"Indjai B, Barbosa C, Catarino L. Mezinhos da terra e curas tradicionais nas Ilhas de Canhabaque e do Parque Nacional Marinho Jo\u00e3o Vieira e Poil\u00e3o. Bissau: IBAP; 2014."},{"key":"825_CR28","unstructured":"Indjai B. O saber local sobre a utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o das plantas medicinais na \u00c1rea Marinha Protegida Comunit\u00e1ria das Ilhas Urok (Reserva da Biosfera do Arquip\u00e9lago Bolama Bijag\u00f3s, Guin\u00e9-Bissau). MSc Thesis, Universidade Nova de Lisboa; 2017."},{"key":"825_CR29","first-page":"169","volume-title":"Livro de Actas, 3\u00ba Encontro Nacional sobre Flora e Vegeta\u00e7\u00e3o de Angola","author":"B Indjai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Indjai B, Catarino L. Plantas silvestres alimentares na Guin\u00e9-Bissau \u2013 esp\u00e9cies, usos e potencialidades. In: Catarino L, Pedro M, editors. Livro de Actas, 3\u00ba Encontro Nacional sobre Flora e Vegeta\u00e7\u00e3o de Angola. Luanda: Centro de Bot\u00e2nica UAN; 2021. p. 169\u201378."},{"key":"825_CR30","unstructured":"Camar\u00e1 ST. A Economia e Mercados Transfronteiri\u00e7a na \u00c1frica Ocidental. \u201cLumos\u201d (feiras livres) na Tr\u00edplice Fronteira \u2013 leste da Guin\u00e9-Bissau, sudoeste da Rep\u00fablica da Guin\u00e9 e sul do Senegal. PhD Thesis, Universidade Federal da Bahia \u2013 UFBA; 2023."},{"key":"825_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1007\/s12231-024-09614-0","volume":"78","author":"A Leite","year":"2024","unstructured":"Leite A, Westengen O, Catarino L, Monteiro E, Mango SP, Indjai B, et al. From the wild to the market: the trade of edible plants in Guinea-Bissau. Econ Bot. 2024;78:390\u2013408.","journal-title":"Econ Bot"},{"key":"825_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3767\/000651908X608179","volume":"53","author":"L Catarino","year":"2008","unstructured":"Catarino L, Martins ES, Pinto-Basto MF, Diniz MA. An annotated checklist of the vascular flora of Guinea-Bissau (West Africa). Blumea. 2008;53:1\u2013222.","journal-title":"Blumea"},{"key":"825_CR33","unstructured":"The World Factbook [online] Guinea-Bissau. (2025). Accessed 2 May 2025. https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/guinea-bissau\/#people-and-society"},{"key":"825_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1590\/0103-9016-2014-0369","volume":"72","author":"L Catarino","year":"2015","unstructured":"Catarino L, Menezes Y, Sardinha R. Cashew cultivation in Guinea-Bissau \u2013 risks and challenges of the success of a cash crop. Sci Agric. 2015;72:459\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0103-9016-2014-0369.","journal-title":"Sci Agric"},{"key":"825_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Albuquerque UP, Ara\u00fajo SAT, Soldati TG, Fernandes VMRL. Methods and Techniques in Ethnobiology and Etnoecology. Springer Protocols. Springer Science Business Media, New York; 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4614-8636-7_28","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-8636-7_28"},{"key":"825_CR36","unstructured":"Ficalho C. Plantas uteis da Africa Portugueza. Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional; 1884."},{"key":"825_CR37","unstructured":"Busson F, Jaeger P, Lunven P, Pinta M. Plantes Alimentaires de l\u2019Ouest Africain \u00c9tude Botanique, Biologique et Chimique. Marseille: Leconte; 1965."},{"key":"825_CR38","unstructured":"Lebel F. L\u2019importance des Produits Forestiers Non-Ligneux pour les M\u00e9nages Agricoles de la R\u00e9gion de Thi\u00e8s, S\u00e9n\u00e9gal. MSc Thesis, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Senegal; 2003."},{"key":"825_CR39","unstructured":"Eyog Matig O, Ndoye O, Kengue J, Awaono A. Les Fruitiers Forestiers Comestibles du Cameroun. Maccarese: IPGRI Regional Office for West and Central Africa; 2006."},{"key":"825_CR40","volume-title":"Relat\u00f3rio do estudo da fileira de produtos silvestres n\u00e3o lenhosos: potencial produtivo de \u00f3leo de palma e dos frutos silvestres nas regi\u00f5es de Quinara e Tombali","author":"FAM Reis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Reis FAM, Indjai B. Relat\u00f3rio do estudo da fileira de produtos silvestres n\u00e3o lenhosos: potencial produtivo de \u00f3leo de palma e dos frutos silvestres nas regi\u00f5es de Quinara e Tombali. FAO\/FIDA: Unpublished Report. Bissau; 2011."},{"key":"825_CR41","volume-title":"Estudo sobre o estado da biodiversidade no litoral de Varela","author":"A Regalla","year":"2011","unstructured":"Regalla A, Indjai B, Monteiro H, Seck M, da Silva J. Estudo sobre o estado da biodiversidade no litoral de Varela. IBAP: Guin\u00e9-Bissau. Unpublished Report. Bissau; 2011."},{"key":"825_CR42","unstructured":"Biai J, da Silva AS. Valeur \u00e9conomique du Parc Naturel du Fleuve Cacheu, dans la r\u00e9gion de Cacheu en Guin\u00e9e-Bissau. \u00c9tude pour la d\u00e9monstration de la contribution \u00e9conomique des zones humides dans l\u2019\u00e9conomie nationale en Afrique de l\u2019Ouest. Bissau: IBAP; 2011."},{"key":"825_CR43","unstructured":"Indjai B, Insumbo M. Invent\u00e1rio da flora e vegeta\u00e7\u00e3o de Suru. Subs\u00eddio para o conhecimento da utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o dos recursos florestais e as plantas cultivadas. Unpublished Report. Bissau: ODZH; 2011."},{"key":"825_CR44","volume-title":"Estudo sobre os Mercados da Regi\u00e3o de Cacheu","author":"D Rodrigues","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rodrigues D, Indjai B, Nhaga HS. Estudo sobre os Mercados da Regi\u00e3o de Cacheu. Plan Internacional: Guin\u00e9-Bissau. Unpublished Report. Bissau; 2012."},{"key":"825_CR45","unstructured":"Indjai B. Relat\u00f3rio. Invent\u00e1rio das Florestas Comunit\u00e1rias de Samecuia, Fembam, G\u00e3mamudo e Uacaba, nos Sectores de Bafat\u00e1 e Sonaco. Unpublished Report. Bissau: ONG-Sahel 21; 2015."},{"key":"825_CR46","unstructured":"Sagna B. Param\u00e8tres structuraux, modes de gestion et importance socio\u00e9conomique des parcs agroforestiers \u00e0 Elaeis guineensis Jacq. (Palmier \u00e0 huile) en Basse-Casamance. MSc Thesis. Universit\u00e9 Assane Seck Ziguinchor, Senegal; 2016."},{"key":"825_CR47","unstructured":"IBAP. Relat\u00f3rio do Estudo Socioecon\u00f3mico e Ambiental no Parque Nacional de Cantanhez. Unpublished Report. Bissau: IBAP; 2018."},{"key":"825_CR48","unstructured":"Mbaye M. Federation paysanne KAFO. Rapport de etude de capitalisation des experiences de foresterie communautaire en Guin\u00e9e-Bissau. Unpublished Report. Bissau: KAFO; 2019."},{"key":"825_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3289","DOI":"10.4314\/ijbcs.v13i7.25","volume":"13","author":"B Sagna","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sagna B, Ngom D, Diedhiou AAM, Camara B, Goudiaby M, Mane SA, et al. Importance socio\u00e9conomique des parcs agroforestiers \u00e0 Elaeis guineensis Jacq. dans la r\u00e9gion de Cacheu (Guin\u00e9e-Bissau). Int J Biol Chem Sci. 2019;13:3289\u2013306.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Chem Sci."},{"key":"825_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rangel J, Liberal \u00c2, Catarino S, Costa JC, Romeiras MM, Fernandes \u00c2. Phytochemical and bioactive potentials of African Annonaceae species. Food Chem. 2024; 139048. 6.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.139048"},{"key":"825_CR51","unstructured":"Plants of the World Online (POWO). (2024). https:\/\/powo.science.kew.org\/. Accessed Nov 2024."},{"key":"825_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.4000\/books.irdeditions.40894","volume-title":"Biodiversit\u00e9 des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes intertropicaux: connaissance, gestion durable et valorisation","author":"M Diabat\u00e9","year":"2022","unstructured":"Diabat\u00e9 M, Diabat\u00e9 M, Kone F, Haba OO, De Foresta H, Labouisse JP, et al. Diversit\u00e9 floristique et usages des plantes foresti\u00e8res en zones rurales de Guin\u00e9e foresti\u00e8re. In: Profizi JP, et al., editors. Biodiversit\u00e9 des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes intertropicaux: connaissance, gestion durable et valorisation. Marseille: IRD \u00c9ditions; 2022. p. 57\u201371."},{"key":"825_CR53","first-page":"36","volume":"14","author":"Y Djihounouck","year":"2018","unstructured":"Djihounouck Y, Diop D, Dieng SD, Sane S, Bass\u00e8ne C, Mbaye MS, et al. Diversit\u00e9 Et Importance Socio-Economique Des Esp\u00e8ces Fruiti\u00e8res Sauvages Comestibles En Zone Kasa (Sud-Ouest Du S\u00e9n\u00e9gal). Eur Sci J. 2018;14:36.","journal-title":"Eur Sci J"},{"key":"825_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.4236\/ajps.2014.59144","volume":"5","author":"M Gueye","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gueye M, Ayessou NC, Koma S, Diop S, Akpo LE, Samb PI. Wild fruits traditionally gathered by the Malinke ethnic group in the edge of Niokolo Koba park (Senegal). Am J Plant Sci. 2014;5:1306\u201317.","journal-title":"Am J Plant Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"825_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.4314\/ajtcam.v4i4.31239","volume":"4","author":"G Mathieu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mathieu G, Meissa D. Traditional leafy vegetables in Senegal: diversity and medicinal uses. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2007;4(4):469\u201375.","journal-title":"Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med"},{"key":"825_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1007\/s12571-014-0396-7","volume":"6","author":"J Boedecker","year":"2014","unstructured":"Boedecker J, Termote C, Assogbadjo AE, Van Damme P, Lachat C. Dietary contribution of wild edible plants to women\u2019s diets in the buffer zone around the Lama forest, Benin \u2013 an underutilized potential. Food Secur. 2014;6:833\u201349.","journal-title":"Food Secur"},{"key":"825_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1080\/03670244.1994.9991399","volume":"32","author":"F Herzog","year":"1994","unstructured":"Herzog F, Farah Z, Amado R. Composition and consumption of gathered wild fruits in the V-baoul\u00e9, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire. Ecol Food Nutr. 1994;32:181\u201396.","journal-title":"Ecol Food Nutr"},{"key":"825_CR58","first-page":"249","volume":"33","author":"MC Maduako","year":"2021","unstructured":"Maduako MC, Ifemeje JC, Amaefule KI, Okechukwu AU, Enemchukwu CN. Comparative study of proximate composition, antioxidant vitamins and mineral profile of six local wild fruits consumed in South-eastern Nigeria. Biokemistri. 2021;33:249\u201358.","journal-title":"Biokemistri"},{"key":"825_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s10745-005-1656-0","volume":"33","author":"G Addis","year":"2005","unstructured":"Addis G, Urga K, Dikasso D. Ethnobotanical study of edible wild plants in some selected districts of Ethiopia. Hum Ecol. 2005;33:83\u2013118.","journal-title":"Hum Ecol"},{"key":"825_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008080508028","volume":"53","author":"CE Freiberger","year":"1998","unstructured":"Freiberger CE, Vanderjagt DJ, Pastuszyn A, Glew RS, Mounkaila G, Millson M, et al. Nutrient content of the edible leaves of seven wild plants from Niger. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 1998;53:57\u201369.","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum Nutr"},{"key":"825_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2019.06.013","volume":"129","author":"A Bancessi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bancessi A, Bancessi Q, Bald\u00e9 A, Catarino L. Present and potential uses of Moringa oleifera as a multipurpose plant in Guinea-Bissau. S Afr J Bot. 2020;129:206\u20138.","journal-title":"S Afr J Bot"},{"key":"825_CR62","unstructured":"Nikiema A, Pasternak D, van der Maesen LJG. Identifying wild food plants for sustainable agroforestry through market survey. Sustainable Agriculture Systems for the Drylands, 17."},{"issue":"1","key":"825_CR63","first-page":"109","volume":"24","author":"J Coulibaly","year":"2025","unstructured":"Coulibaly J, Denou A, Dembele SM, Wele M, Sanogo R. Enqu\u00eate ethnobotanique des l\u00e9gumes feuilles culinaires (LFCs) vendus dans les march\u00e9s de Bamako et de Kati. Pharmacop\u00e9e et m\u00e9decine traditionnelle africaine. 2025;24(1):109\u201316.","journal-title":"Pharmacop\u00e9e et m\u00e9decine traditionnelle africaine"},{"issue":"1","key":"825_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.4314\/ijbcs.v16i1.19","volume":"16","author":"MA Konar\u00e9","year":"2022","unstructured":"Konar\u00e9 MA, Diarra N, Ciss\u00e9 C, Sanogo R. Enqu\u00eate ethnobotanique sur les fruits de cueillette vendus dans quatre march\u00e9s des zones soudaniennes et sah\u00e9liennes du Mali. Int J Biol Chem Sci. 2022;16(1):227\u201341.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Chem Sci"},{"key":"825_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haba OO, Diabat\u00e9 M, Simmy PL, Mon\u00e8mou P, Sangar\u00e9 A, Soropogui Z, Diep TM. Plantes foresti\u00e8res commercialis\u00e9s dans les march\u00e9s urbains de la Guin\u00e9e foresti\u00e8re. In: Profizi JP et al. editors. Biodiversit\u00e9 des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes intertropicaux: connaissance, gestion durable et valorisation. Marseille: IRD \u00c9ditions. 2022; 45\u201355.","DOI":"10.4000\/books.irdeditions.40859"},{"key":"825_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2234","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO00287A","volume":"10","author":"I Jabeur","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jabeur I, Pereira E, Caleja C, Calhelha RC, Sokovic M, Catarino L, et al. Exploring the chemical and bioactive properties of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. calyces from Guinea-Bissau (West Africa). Food Funct. 2019;10:2234\u201343.","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"825_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13002-016-0095-x","volume":"12","author":"A Fraz\u00e3o-Moreira","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fraz\u00e3o-Moreira A. The symbolic efficacy of medicinal plants: practices, knowledge, and religious beliefs amongst the Nalu healers of Guinea-Bissau. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2016;12:1\u201315.","journal-title":"J Ethnobiol Ethnomed"},{"key":"825_CR68","unstructured":"WAHO (West African Health Organisation). West African Herbal Pharmacopoeia. (2013). WAHO, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso."},{"key":"825_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315371627","volume-title":"Food as medicine: functional food plants of Africa","author":"MM Iwu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Iwu MM. Food as medicine: functional food plants of Africa. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2016."},{"key":"825_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2617","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2014.903384","volume":"56","author":"K Gul","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gul K, Singh AK, Jabeen R. Nutraceuticals and functional foods: the foods for the future world. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2015;56:2617\u201327.","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"825_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.52711\/2321-5836.2022.00009","volume":"14","author":"H Rana","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rana H, Kuma R, Chopra A, Pundir S, Gautam GK, Kumar G. The various pharmacological activity of Adansonia digitata. RJPPD. 2022;14:53\u20139.","journal-title":"RJPPD"},{"key":"825_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1163\/2031356X-02301005","volume":"23","author":"E Caluw\u00e9","year":"2010","unstructured":"Caluw\u00e9 E, Halamou\u00e1 K, Van Damme P. Adansonia digitata L.-A review of traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology. Afr Focus. 2010;23:11\u201351.","journal-title":"Afr Focus"},{"key":"825_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.36686\/Ariviyal.CSER.2022.04.09.049","volume":"4","author":"J Mohammed","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mohammed J, Aremu MO, Kun HU, Abubakar I, Mohammad IA. Evaluation of the nutritive and antioxidant potentials of velvet tamarind (Dialium guineense) seed, pulp and shell. CSER. 2022;4:14\u20138.","journal-title":"CSER"},{"key":"825_CR74","first-page":"190","volume":"25","author":"DI Gernah","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gernah DI, Atolagbe MO, Echegwo CC. Nutritional composition of the African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa) fruit pulp. NIFOJ. 2017;25:190\u20136.","journal-title":"NIFOJ"},{"key":"825_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.5539\/jfr.v13n1p10","volume":"13","author":"KK Toussaint Yao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Toussaint Yao KK, Somda KM, Nikiema M, Mogmenga I, Dabire Y, Ouattara A, et al. Proximate Composition and Nutritional Potential of Saba senegalensis Fruit from Three Climatic Regions in Burkina Faso. J Food Res. 2023;13:10\u201325.","journal-title":"J Food Res"},{"key":"825_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.30574\/gscbps.2022.19.3.0049","volume":"9","author":"TRC Konfo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Konfo TRC, Tchekessi CKC, Bleoussi TMR, Koudoro YA, Olay\u00e9 T, Dahouenon-Ahoussi E, et al. Functional potential of yellow mombin (Spondias mombin L.) grape, fruit from a neglected and underutilized species. GSC Biol Pharm Sci. 2022;9:139\u201347.","journal-title":"GSC Biol Pharm Sci."},{"key":"825_CR77","volume-title":"Plantes M\u00e9dicinales Africaines. Possibilit\u00e9s de D\u00e9veloppement, Vol II","author":"JP Pousset","year":"1992","unstructured":"Pousset JP. Plantes M\u00e9dicinales Africaines. Possibilit\u00e9s de D\u00e9veloppement, Vol II. Paris: Ellipses - Agence de Coop\u00e9ration; 1992."},{"key":"825_CR78","volume-title":"Handbook of African medicinal plants","author":"M Iwu","year":"1993","unstructured":"Iwu M. Handbook of African medicinal plants. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1993."},{"key":"825_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2587","DOI":"10.1002\/pan3.10737","volume":"6","author":"A Leite","year":"2024","unstructured":"Leite A, Catarino L, Seck S, Mbunhe Q, Cun\u00ed-Sanchez A. Changing human\u2013nature relationships: insights from Guinea-Bissau woodlands. People Nat. 2024;6:2587\u2013601.","journal-title":"People Nat"}],"container-title":["Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13002-025-00825-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13002-025-00825-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13002-025-00825-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T12:03:08Z","timestamp":1766577788000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13002-025-00825-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["825"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13002-025-00825-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-4269"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-4269","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The ethical approval for this study was obtained from National Institute for Biodiversity and Protected Areas-IBAP-of Guinea-Bissau.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"88"}}