{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T03:12:14Z","timestamp":1770347534070,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,5]],"date-time":"2018-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541376000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Confl Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s13031-018-0180-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,3]],"date-time":"2018-11-03T13:13:55Z","timestamp":1541250835000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Are public hospitals reforming efficiently in West Bank?"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3731-579X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wasim I. M.","family":"Sultan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Crispim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9666","key":"180_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60107-0","volume":"373","author":"Rita Giacaman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Giacaman R, et al. Health status and health services in the occupied Palestinian territory. Lancet. 2009;373.9666:837\u201349.","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"180_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8510(01)00174-9","volume":"59","author":"Motasem Hamdan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hamdan M, Defever M. A \u2018transitional\u2019 context for health policy development: the Palestinian case. Health Policy. 2002;59.3:193\u2013207.","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"key":"180_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.3366\/hlps.2015.0116","volume":"14","author":"Y Shehada","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shehada Y. Does Foreign Aid Accelerate Corruption? The Case of the Palestinian National Authority. J Holy L Palest Stud. 2015;14:165\u201387 Edinburgh University Press 22 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9LF UK.","journal-title":"J Holy L Palest Stud"},{"key":"180_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/18.1.59","volume":"18","author":"R Giacaman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Giacaman R, Abdul-Rahim HF, Wick L. Health sector reform in the occupied Palestinian territories (OPT): targeting the forest or the trees? Health Policy Plan. 2003;18:59\u201367 Oxford Univ Press.","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"key":"180_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzt007","volume":"25","author":"M Hamdan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hamdan M, Saleem AA. Assessment of patient safety culture in Palestinian public hospitals. Int J Qual Heal care. 2013;25:167\u201375.","journal-title":"Int J Qual Heal care"},{"key":"180_CR6","first-page":"668","volume":"27","author":"A Charnes","year":"1981","unstructured":"Charnes A, Cooper WW, Rhodes E. Evaluating program and managerial efficiency: an application of data envelopment analysis to program follow through. Manage. Sci. INFORMS. 1981;27:668\u201397.","journal-title":"Manage. Sci. INFORMS"},{"key":"180_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2012.01.023","volume":"220","author":"AL Johnson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Johnson AL, Kuosmanen T. One-stage and two-stage DEA estimation of the effects of contextual variables. Eur. J. Oper. Res. Elsevier. 2012;220:559\u201370.","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res. Elsevier"},{"key":"180_CR8","first-page":"1078","volume":"30","author":"RD Banker","year":"1984","unstructured":"Banker RD, Charnes A, Cooper WW. Some models for estimating technical and scale inefficiencies in data envelopment analysis. Manage Sci INFORMS. 1984;30:1078\u201392.","journal-title":"Manage Sci INFORMS"},{"key":"180_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s10729-015-9351-1","volume":"20","author":"VG Valdmanis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Valdmanis VG, Rosko MD, Leleu H, Mukamel DB. Assessing overall, technical, and scale efficiency among home health care agencies. Health Care Manag Sci Springer. 2017;20:265\u201375.","journal-title":"Health Care Manag Sci Springer"},{"key":"180_CR10","unstructured":"WHO. Health conditions in the occupied Palestinian territory, including east Jerusalem, and in the occupied Syrian Golan [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2018 Mar 1]. Available from: https:\/\/www.map.org.uk\/news\/archive\/post\/669-world-health-assembly-calls-for-support-for-palestinian-health-system"},{"key":"180_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sultan WIM, Crispim J. Measuring the efficiency of Palestinian public hospitals during 2010-2015: An application of a two-stage DEA method. BMC Health Serv Res. 2018:18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-018-3228-1"},{"key":"180_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60110-0","volume":"373","author":"R Batniji","year":"2009","unstructured":"Batniji R, Rabaia Y, Nguyen\u2013Gillham V, Giacaman R, Sarraj E, Punamaki R, et al. Health as human security in the occupied Palestinian territory. Lancet. 2009;373:1133\u201343 Elsevier.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"180_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-018-3573-0","volume":"18","author":"WIM Sultan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sultan WIM, Sultan MIM, Crispim J. Palestinian doctors\u2019 views on patient-centered care in hospitals. BMC Health Serv Res [Internet]. 2018;18:766 Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-018-3573-0 .","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res [Internet]"},{"key":"180_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-015-9671-4","volume":"30","author":"MM Haj-Yahia","year":"2015","unstructured":"Haj-Yahia MM, Sousa C, Alnabilsy R, Elias H. The influence of Palestinian physicians\u2019 patriarchal ideology and exposure to family violence on their beliefs about wife beating. J Fam Violence Springer. 2015;30:263\u201376.","journal-title":"J Fam Violence Springer"},{"key":"180_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2014.09.002","volume":"241","author":"E Thanassoulis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Thanassoulis E, Shiraz RK, Maniadakis N. A cost Malmquist productivity index capturing group performance. Eur. J. Oper. Res. Elsevier. 2015;241:796\u2013805.","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res. Elsevier"},{"key":"180_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1080\/10401330709336617","volume":"19","author":"P Verdonk","year":"2007","unstructured":"Verdonk P, Harting A, Lagro-Janssen TLM. Does equal education generate equal attitudes? Gender differences in medical students\u2019 attitudes toward the ideal physician. Teach Learn Med Taylor & Francis. 2007;19:9\u201313.","journal-title":"Teach Learn Med Taylor & Francis"},{"key":"180_CR17","first-page":"1","volume":"10","author":"S Shahawy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shahawy S, Diamond M. Attitudes of Palestinian medical students on the geopolitical barriers to accessing hospitals for clinical training: a qualitative study. Confl Health BioMed Central. 2016;10:1.","journal-title":"Confl Health BioMed Central"},{"key":"180_CR18","unstructured":"Office of King Hussein I. Disengagement from the West Bank [Internet]. Keys to Kingdom\/Hist. 2000 [cited 2017 Jun 15]. Available from: http:\/\/www.kinghussein.gov.jo\/history.html"},{"key":"180_CR19","first-page":"669","volume":"55","author":"A Abu-Odeh","year":"2000","unstructured":"Abu-Odeh A, Delvoie LA. Jordanians, Palestinians & the Hashemite Kingdom in the Middle East Peace Process. Int J. 2000;55:669 Sage Publications Ltd.","journal-title":"Int J"},{"key":"180_CR20","unstructured":"Al Madfai MR, Al MR. Jordan, the United States and the Middle East peace process. Cambridge University Press. 1993;28:1974\u201391."},{"key":"180_CR21","first-page":"121","volume":"46","author":"P Karolyi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Karolyi P. Update on conflict and diplomacy. J Palest Stud University of California Press Journals. 2017;46:121\u201359.","journal-title":"J Palest Stud University of California Press Journals"},{"key":"180_CR22","volume-title":"The Middle East: intractable conflict?: Jordan\u2019s unavoidable stake in the Middle East peace process","author":"NJ Ashton","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ashton NJ. The Middle East: intractable conflict?: Jordan\u2019s unavoidable stake in the Middle East peace process. London School of Economics and Political Science: LSE IDEAS; 2009."},{"key":"180_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(95)00276-8","volume":"135","author":"ASN Al-Din","year":"1996","unstructured":"Al-Din ASN, Kurdi A, Mubaidin A, El-Khateeb M, Khalil RW, Wriekat A-L. Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in Arabs in Jordan: a comparative study between Jordanians and Palestinians. J Neurol Sci Elsevier. 1996;135:162\u20137.","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci Elsevier"},{"key":"180_CR24","unstructured":"PMoH. Health annual report 2015 [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2017 May 8]. Available from: https:\/\/www.site.moh.ps\/index\/Books\/BookType\/2\/Language\/ar ."},{"issue":"3","key":"180_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.2307\/2343100","volume":"120","author":"M. J. Farrell","year":"1957","unstructured":"Farrell MJ. The measurement of productive efficiency. J R Stat Soc Ser A. 1957:253\u201390.","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (General)"},{"key":"180_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-2217(78)90138-8","volume":"2","author":"A Charnes","year":"1978","unstructured":"Charnes A, Cooper WW, Rhodes E. Measuring the efficiency of decision making units. Eur J Oper Res. 1978;2:429\u201344.","journal-title":"Eur J Oper Res"},{"key":"180_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omega.2015.04.004","volume":"58","author":"JS Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu JS, Lu LYY, Lu W-M. Research fronts in data envelopment analysis. Omega. Elsevier. 2016;58:33\u201345.","journal-title":"Omega. Elsevier"},{"issue":"2","key":"180_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.2307\/3439197","volume":"76","author":"Finn R. F\u00f8rsund","year":"1974","unstructured":"F\u00f8rsund FR, Hjalmarsson L. On the measurement of productive efficiency. Swedish J Econ JSTOR. 1974:141\u201354.","journal-title":"The Swedish Journal of Economics"},{"key":"180_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chilingerian JA, Sherman HD. Health-care applications: from hospitals to physicians, from productive efficiency to quality frontiers: Springer; 2011. p. 445\u201393. Handb data Envel Anal","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-6151-8_16"},{"key":"180_CR30","first-page":"1107","volume":"17","author":"B Hollingsworth","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hollingsworth B. The measurement of efficiency and productivity of health care delivery. Health Econ Wiley Online Library. 2008;17:1107\u201328.","journal-title":"Health Econ Wiley Online Library"},{"key":"180_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31984-5","volume":"388","author":"S Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen S, Wu Y, Chen Y, Zhu H, Wang Z, Feng D, et al. Analysis of operation performance of general hospitals in Shenzhen, China: a super-efficiency data envelopment analysis. Lancet. 2016;388:S57 Elsevier.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"180_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omega.2012.11.004","volume":"41","author":"JS Liu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liu JS, Lu LYY, Lu W-M, Lin BJY. A survey of DEA applications. Omega Elsevier. 2013;41:893\u2013902.","journal-title":"Omega Elsevier"},{"key":"180_CR33","unstructured":"Zere E. Hospital efficiency in sub-Saharan Africa. Evidence from South Africa. 2000."},{"key":"180_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20S","DOI":"10.1177\/1077558710369912","volume":"68","author":"YA Ozcan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ozcan YA, Luke RD. Health care delivery restructuring and productivity change: assessing the Veterans Integrated Service Networks (VISNs) using the Malmquist approach. Med. Care Res. Rev. 2011;68:20S\u201335S SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA.","journal-title":"Med. Care Res. Rev"},{"key":"180_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Ineveld M, van Oostrum J, Vermeulen R, Steenhoek A, van de Klundert J. Productivity and quality of Dutch hospitals during system reform. Health Care Manag. Sci. 2015:1\u201312.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10729-015-9321-7"},{"key":"180_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s10100-016-0440-0","volume":"25","author":"YA Ozcan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ozcan YA, Khushalani J. Assessing efficiency of public health and medical care provision in OECD countries after a decade of reform. Cent Eur J Oper Res Springer. 2017;25:325\u201343.","journal-title":"Cent Eur J Oper Res Springer"},{"key":"180_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-015-1094-3","volume":"129","author":"PK Samut","year":"2016","unstructured":"Samut PK, Cafr\u0131 R. Analysis of the efficiency determinants of health systems in OECD countries by DEA and panel tobit. Soc Indic Res Springer. 2016;129:113\u201332.","journal-title":"Soc Indic Res Springer"},{"key":"180_CR38","unstructured":"JMoH. Jordanian ministry of Health [Internet]. Minist. website. 2015 [cited 2016 Jul 15]. Available from: http:\/\/apps.moh.gov.jo\/MOH\/En\/publications.php"},{"key":"180_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(00)00149-1","volume":"132","author":"RG Dyson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dyson RG, Allen R, Camanho AS, Podinovski VV, Sarrico CS, Shale EA. Pitfalls and protocols in DEA. Eur J Oper Res Elsevier. 2001;132:245\u201359.","journal-title":"Eur J Oper Res Elsevier"},{"key":"180_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-0483(89)90029-7","volume":"17","author":"B Golany","year":"1989","unstructured":"Golany B, Roll Y. An application procedure for DEA. Omega Elsevier. 1989;17:237\u201350.","journal-title":"Omega Elsevier"},{"key":"180_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-2217(91)90331-O","volume":"52","author":"A Boussofiane","year":"1991","unstructured":"Boussofiane A, Dyson RG, Thanassoulis E. Applied data envelopment analysis. Eur J Oper Res Elsevier. 1991;52:1\u201315.","journal-title":"Eur J Oper Res Elsevier"},{"key":"180_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2015.10.029","volume":"250","author":"I Lindlbauer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lindlbauer I, Schrey\u00f6gg J, Winter V. Changes in technical efficiency after quality management certification: a DEA approach using difference-in-difference estimation with genetic matching in the hospital industry. Eur J Oper Res Elsevier. 2016;250:1026\u201336.","journal-title":"Eur J Oper Res Elsevier"},{"key":"180_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s10729-014-9315-x","volume":"18","author":"H\u00d6 Narc\u0131","year":"2015","unstructured":"Narc\u0131 H\u00d6, Ozcan YA, \u015eahin \u0130, Tarcan M, Narc\u0131 M. An examination of competition and efficiency for hospital industry in Turkey. Health Care Manag Sci Springer. 2015;18:407\u201318.","journal-title":"Health Care Manag Sci Springer"},{"key":"180_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omega.2013.09.004","volume":"44","author":"WD Cook","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cook WD, Tone K, Zhu J. Data envelopment analysis: prior to choosing a model. Omega Elsevier. 2014;44:1\u20134.","journal-title":"Omega Elsevier"},{"key":"180_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s10729-013-9248-9","volume":"17","author":"H Kawaguchi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kawaguchi H, Tone K, Tsutsui M. Estimation of the efficiency of Japanese hospitals using a dynamic and network data envelopment analysis model. Health Care Manag Sci. 2014;17:101\u201312.","journal-title":"Health Care Manag Sci"},{"key":"180_CR46","first-page":"67","volume":"5","author":"C Viola","year":"2014","unstructured":"Viola C, Benvenuto M. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) for the evaluation of public healthcare structures. Electron J Appl Stat Anal Decis Support Syst Serv. Evaluation. 2014;5:67\u201382.","journal-title":"Electron J Appl Stat Anal Decis Support Syst Serv. Evaluation"},{"key":"180_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2013.12.003","volume":"150","author":"H Chowdhury","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chowdhury H, Zelenyuk V, Laporte A, Wodchis WP. Analysis of productivity, efficiency and technological changes in hospital services in Ontario: how does case-mix matter? Int J Prod Econ. 2014;150:74\u201382.","journal-title":"Int J Prod Econ"},{"key":"180_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s10729-004-7534-2","volume":"7","author":"H Ozgen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ozgen H, Ozcan YA. Longitudinal analysis of efficiency in multiple output dialysis markets. Health Care Manag Sci Springer. 2004;7:253\u201361.","journal-title":"Health Care Manag Sci Springer"},{"key":"180_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omega.2015.10.007","volume":"63","author":"H Chowdhury","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chowdhury H, Zelenyuk V. Performance of hospital services in Ontario: DEA with truncated regression approach. Omega Elsevier. 2016;63:111\u201322.","journal-title":"Omega Elsevier"},{"key":"180_CR50","unstructured":"Bowling A. Research methods in health. McGraw-Hill Education (UK); 2014."},{"key":"180_CR51","unstructured":"F\u00e4re R, Grosskopf S, Norris M, Zhang Z. Productivity growth, technical progress, and efficiency change in industrialized countries. Am Econ Rev JSTOR. 1994:66\u201383."},{"key":"180_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1108\/01443570210417605","volume":"22","author":"J Sarkis","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sarkis J, Talluri S. Efficiency measurement of hospitals: issues and extensions. Int J Oper Prod Manag MCB UP Ltd. 2002;22:306\u201313.","journal-title":"Int J Oper Prod Manag MCB UP Ltd"},{"key":"180_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cooper WW, Seiford LM, Tone K. Data envelopment analysis: a comprehensive text with models, applications, references and DEA-solver software: Springer Science & Business Media; 2007.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-45283-8"},{"key":"180_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-14-322","volume":"14","author":"T Aghamolaei","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aghamolaei T, Eftekhaari TE, Rafati S, Kahnouji K, Ahangari S, Shahrzad ME, et al. Service quality assessment of a referral hospital in southern Iran with SERVQUAL technique: patients\u2019 perspective. BMC Health Serv Res. 2014;14:322.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"180_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1108\/01443579910280205","volume":"19","author":"M Al-Shammari","year":"1999","unstructured":"Al-Shammari M. A multi-criteria data envelopment analysis model for measuring the productive efficiency of hospitals. Int J Oper Prod Manag MCB UP Ltd. 1999;19:879\u201391.","journal-title":"Int J Oper Prod Manag MCB UP Ltd"},{"key":"180_CR56","unstructured":"Mujasi PN, Kirigia JM. Productivity and efficiency changes in referral hospitals in Uganda: an application of Malmquist Total productivity index: iMedPub; 2016. Heal. Syst. Policy Res"}],"container-title":["Conflict and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13031-018-0180-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13031-018-0180-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13031-018-0180-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,5]],"date-time":"2022-09-05T04:56:53Z","timestamp":1662353813000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/conflictandhealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13031-018-0180-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,5]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["180"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13031-018-0180-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1752-1505"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1752-1505","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 April 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 October 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 November 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The research got ethical approval from the Palestinian Ministry of Health.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"44"}}