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Proper treatment studies using compounds with microfilaricidal activity have not been performed. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the efficacy of a commercially available spot-on formulation containing moxidectin 2.5%\/imidacloprid 10% for the treatment of <jats:italic>O. lupi<\/jats:italic> or <jats:italic>Cercopithifilaria<\/jats:italic> spp. skin-dwelling mfs in naturally infected dogs.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Privately owned dogs (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009393) from southern Portugal were sampled via skin biopsies to identify and count mfs in 20\u00a0\u00b5l of skin sediment. A total of 22 mfs-positive dogs were allocated to treatment group (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200911; G1) or left untreated as a control (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200911; G2). As a pilot investigation to test the treatment efficacy, five dogs assigned to G1 were treated four times at monthly intervals with moxidectin 2.5%\/imidacloprid 10% spot-on formulation on SDs 0, 28 (\u00b1\u20092), 56 (\u00b1\u20092), and 84 (\u00b1\u20092). Based on the negative results for both <jats:italic>O. lupi<\/jats:italic> and\/or <jats:italic>Cercopithifilaria<\/jats:italic> spp. mfs of dogs in the pilot study from SD28 onwards, the remaining six dogs in G1 were treated at SD0 and assessed only at SD28.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Of the 393 animals sampled, 78 (19.8%) scored positive for skin-dwelling mfs. At the pilot investigation, a mean number of 19.6 mfs for <jats:italic>O. lupi<\/jats:italic> was recorded among five infected dogs whereas no mfs were detected at SD28. At SD0, the mean number of <jats:italic>Cercopithifilaria<\/jats:italic> spp. larvae was 12.6 for G1 and 8.7 for G2. The mean number of mfs for G2 was 20.09.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Results herein obtained suggest that a single treatment with moxidectin 2.5%\/imidacloprid 10% spot-on formulation is efficacious against skin-dwelling mfs in dogs. The microfilaricidal effect of moxidectin could also be useful in reducing the risk of <jats:italic>O. lupi<\/jats:italic> infection for humans.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04704-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]],"date-time":"2021-04-13T10:06:26Z","timestamp":1618308386000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Efficacy of a spot-on formulation containing moxidectin 2.5%\/imidacloprid 10% for the treatment of Cercopithifilaria spp. and Onchocerca lupi microfilariae in naturally infected dogs from Portugal"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7518-476X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico","family":"Otranto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vito","family":"Colella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marcos Ant\u00f4nio","family":"Bezerra-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jairo Alfonso","family":"Mendoza-Roldan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maria Alfonsa","family":"Cavalera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Roland","family":"Schaper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Maia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"4704_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.06.010161.002213","volume":"6","author":"F Hawking","year":"1961","unstructured":"Hawking F, Worms M. 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Yale J Biol Med. 2021 (in press)."}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04704-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04704-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04704-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]],"date-time":"2021-11-03T13:05:13Z","timestamp":1635944713000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04704-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4704"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04704-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1756-3305"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 February 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 March 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 April 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The protocol of this study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Department of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Bari (Prot. Uniba 3\/18) and by the Portuguese National Authority for Animal Health (approval no. 59\/ECVPT\/2018) as complying with the Portuguese legislation for clinical trials using drugs (Law No. 314\/2009).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest. Dr Roland Schaper is an Elanco Animal Health (Monheim, Germany) employee.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"199"}}