{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T09:06:19Z","timestamp":1777712779864,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644796800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Novo Nordisk Portugal, Lda"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diabetol Metab Syndr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Oral semaglutide is a novel glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analog that has been associated with improvements in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and body weight versus sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor empagliflozin and injectable GLP-1 receptor agonist dulaglutide in the PIONEER 2 clinical trial and in a recent network meta-analysis (NMA), respectively. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the long-term cost-effectiveness of oral semaglutide 14\u00a0mg versus empagliflozin 25\u00a0mg and dulaglutide 1.5\u00a0mg for the treatment of type 2 diabetes from a healthcare payer perspective in Portugal.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In two separate analyses, outcomes were projected over patients\u2019 lifetimes using the IQVIA CORE Diabetes Model (v9.0), discounted at 4% per annum. Clinical data were sourced from the PIONEER 2 trial and the NMA for the comparisons versus empagliflozin and dulaglutide, respectively. Patients were assumed to receive initial therapies until HbA1c exceeded 7.5%, then treatment-intensified to solely basal insulin therapy. Costs were accounted from a National Healthcare Service perspective in Portugal and expressed in 2021 euros (EUR). Utilities were taken from published sources.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Oral semaglutide 14\u00a0mg was associated with improvements in life expectancy of 0.10 and 0.03\u00a0years, and quality-adjusted life expectancy of 0.11 and 0.03 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), versus empagliflozin 25\u00a0mg and dulaglutide 1.5\u00a0mg, respectively. Improved clinical outcomes were due to a reduced cumulative incidence and increased time to onset of diabetes-related complications with oral semaglutide. Total costs were projected to be EUR\u00a02548 and EUR\u00a0814 higher with oral semaglutide versus empagliflozin and dulaglutide, with higher acquisition costs partially offset by cost savings from avoidance of diabetes-related complications. Oral semaglutide 14\u00a0mg was therefore associated with incremental cost-effectiveness ratios of EUR 23,571 and EUR\u00a023,927 per QALY gained versus empagliflozin 25\u00a0mg and dulaglutide 1.5\u00a0mg, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Based on a willingness-to-pay threshold of EUR\u00a030,000 per QALY gained, oral semaglutide 14\u00a0mg was considered cost-effective versus empagliflozin 25\u00a0mg and dulaglutide 1.5\u00a0mg for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in Portugal.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-022-00801-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T13:03:11Z","timestamp":1644843791000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The long-term cost-effectiveness of oral semaglutide versus empagliflozin and dulaglutide in Portugal"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1306-7784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel J. 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