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The overall characteristics of the studies were extracted and their methodological quality was assessed using AMSTAR-2. An evidence gap map was constructed, highlighting the most frequently reported outcomes by intervention (CRD42023387713).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Thirty-three systematic reviews were included. Of these, 14 (42.2%) assessed the impact of needle\/syringe exchange programs (NSEP) and 11 (33.3%) examined opioid agonist therapy (OAT). These interventions are likely to be associated with reductions of HIV\/HCV incidence (10\u201340% risk reduction for NSEP; 50\u201360% for OAT) and sharing injecting paraphernalia (50% for NSEP, 25\u201385% for OAT), particularly when combined (moderate evidence). Behavioral\/educational interventions were assessed in 12 reviews (36.4%) with most authors in favor\/partially in favor of the use of these approaches (moderate evidence). Take-home naloxone programs and supervised-injection facilities were each assessed in two studies (6.1%), which reported inconclusive results (limited\/inconsistent evidence). Most authors reported high levels of heterogeneity and risk of bias. Other interventions and outcomes were inadequately reported. Most systematic reviews presented low or critically low quality.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The evidence is sufficient to support the effectiveness of OAT, NSEP and their combination in reducing blood-borne infection transmission and certain injecting behaviors among PWID. However, evidence of other harm minimizations interventions in different settings and for some outcomes remain insufficient.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13722-024-00439-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,4]],"date-time":"2024-02-04T04:31:09Z","timestamp":1707021069000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Impact of harm minimization interventions on reducing blood-borne infection transmission and some injecting behaviors among people who inject drugs: an overview and evidence gap mapping"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4262-8608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda S.","family":"Tonin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0562-2514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipa","family":"Alves da Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8529-9595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Fernandez-Llimos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"439_CR1","unstructured":"Elflein J. 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