{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T02:17:00Z","timestamp":1774318620807,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]],"date-time":"2022-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648080000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]],"date-time":"2022-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50026\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50026\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/50026\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50026\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/SAU-PUB\/29521\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/SAU-PUB\/29521\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04750\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04750\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEECIND\/02386\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/02386\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infect Dis Poverty"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a recognized threat to global efforts to TB control and remains a priority of the National Tuberculosis Programs. Additionally, social determinants and socioeconomic deprivation have since long been associated with worse health and perceived as important risk factors for TB. This study aimed to analyze the spatial distribution of non-MDR-TB and MDR-TB across parishes of the Lisbon metropolitan area of Portugal and to estimate the association between non-MDR-TB and MDR-TB and socioeconomic deprivation.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In this study, we used hierarchical Bayesian spatial models to analyze the spatial distribution of notification of non-MDR-TB and MDR-TB cases for the period from 2000 to 2016 across 127 parishes of the seven municipalities of the Lisbon metropolitan area (Almada, Amadora, Lisboa, Loures, Odivelas, Oeiras, Sintra), using the Portuguese TB Surveillance System (SVIG-TB). In order to characterise the populations, we used the European Deprivation Index for Portugal (EDI-PT) as an indicator of poverty and estimated the association between non-MDR-TB and MDR-TB and socioeconomic deprivation.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The notification rates per 10,000 population of non-MDR TB ranged from 18.95 to 217.49 notifications and that of MDR TB ranged from 0.83 to 3.70. We identified 54 high-risk areas for non-MDR-TB and 13 high-risk areas for MDR-TB. Parishes in the third [relative risk (RR)\u2009=\u20091.281, 95% credible interval (CrI): 1.021\u20131.606], fourth (RR\u2009=\u20091.786, 95% CrI: 1.420\u20132.241) and fifth (RR\u2009=\u20091.935, 95% CrI: 1.536\u20132.438) quintile of socioeconomic deprivation presented higher non-MDR-TB notifications rates. Parishes in the fourth (RR\u2009=\u20092.246, 95% CrI: 1.374\u20133.684) and fifth (RR\u2009=\u20091.828, 95% CrI: 1.049\u20133.155) quintile of socioeconomic deprivation also presented higher MDR-TB notifications rates.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We demonstrated significant heterogeneity in the spatial distribution of both non-MDR-TB and MDR-TB at the parish level and we found that socioeconomically disadvantaged parishes are disproportionally affected by both non-MDR-TB and MDR-TB. Our findings suggest that the emergence of MDR-TB and transmission are specific from each location and often different from the non-MDR-TB settings. We identified priority areas for intervention for a more efficient plan of control and prevention of non-MDR-TB and MDR-TB.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-022-00949-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]],"date-time":"2022-03-24T00:05:15Z","timestamp":1648080315000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Intra-urban variation in tuberculosis and community socioeconomic deprivation in Lisbon metropolitan area: a Bayesian approach"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1306-5009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olena","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ana Isabel","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Margarida","family":"Correia-Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Rito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"949_CR1","volume-title":"The end TB strategy. Global strategy and targets for tuberculosis prevention, care and control after 2015","author":"WHO","year":"2014","unstructured":"WHO. The end TB strategy. Global strategy and targets for tuberculosis prevention, care and control after 2015. Geneva: World Health Organisation; 2014."},{"key":"949_CR2","volume-title":"Implementing the end TB strategy: the essentials","author":"WHO","year":"2015","unstructured":"WHO. Implementing the end TB strategy: the essentials. Geneva: World Health Organisation; 2015."},{"key":"949_CR3","volume-title":"Global tuberculosis report 2020","author":"WHO","year":"2020","unstructured":"WHO. Global tuberculosis report 2020. Geneva: World Health Organisation; 2020."},{"key":"949_CR4","unstructured":"WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. https:\/\/covid19.who.int\/. Accessed 15 Oct 2021."},{"key":"949_CR5","unstructured":"Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade. Dire\u00e7\u00e3o-Geral da Sa\u00fade. Relat\u00f3rio de Vigil\u00e2ncia e Monotoriza\u00e7\u00e3o da Tuberculose em Portugal. Dados definitivos 2018\/2019, 2020. https:\/\/www.dgs.pt\/portal-da-estatistica-da-saude\/diretorio-de-informacao\/diretorio-de-informacao\/por-serie-1216082-pdf.aspx?v=%3d%3dDwAAAB%2bLCAAAAAAABAArySzItzVUy81MsTU1MDAFAHzFEfkPAAAA. Accessed 15 Sept 2021."},{"key":"949_CR6","volume-title":"Tuberculosis surveillance and monitoring in Europe 2021\u20132019 date","author":"ECDC\/WHO","year":"2021","unstructured":"ECDC\/WHO. Tuberculosis surveillance and monitoring in Europe 2021\u20132019 date. Stockholm: ECDC; 2021."},{"key":"949_CR7","volume-title":"Social determinants and risk factors in tuberculosis surveillance in the EU\/EEA","author":"ECDC","year":"2018","unstructured":"ECDC. Social determinants and risk factors in tuberculosis surveillance in the EU\/EEA. Stockholm: ECDC; 2018."},{"key":"949_CR8","unstructured":"National Health Service. Definition of health inequalities. https:\/\/webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/ukgwa\/20211101142006\/https:\/\/www.england.nhs.uk\/ltphimenu\/definitions-for-health-inequalities\/. Accessed 15 Oct 2021."},{"issue":"2","key":"949_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rppnen.2017.11.003","volume":"24","author":"R Duarte","year":"2018","unstructured":"Duarte R, L\u00f6nnroth K, Carvalho C, Lima F, Carvalho ACC, Mu\u00f1oz-Torrico M, et al. Tuberculosis, social determinants and co-morbidities (including HIV). Pulmonology. 2018;24(2):115\u20139.","journal-title":"Pulmonology"},{"issue":"12","key":"949_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0188736","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188736","volume":"12","author":"V Rocha","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rocha V, Ribeiro AI, Severo M, Barros H, Fraga S. Neighbourhood socioeconomic deprivation and health-related quality of life: a multilevel analysis. PLoS One. 2017;12(12):e0188736.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"949_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1515\/reveh-2018-0026","volume":"33","author":"NA Mohidem","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mohidem NA, Hashim Z, Osman M, Shaharudin R, Muharam FM, Makeswaran P. Demographic, socio-economic and behavior as risk factors of tuberculosis in Malaysia: a systematic review of the literature. Rev Environ Health. 2018;33(4):407\u201321.","journal-title":"Rev Environ Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"949_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-365","volume":"12","author":"NA Olson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Olson NA, Davidow AL, Winston CA, Chen MP, Gazmararian JA, Katz DJ. A national study of socioeconomic status and tuberculosis rates by country of birth, United States, 1996\u20132005. BMC Public Health. 2012;12(1):365.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"949_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7224-0","volume":"19","author":"S Lima","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lima S, Dos Santos AD, Duque AM, de Oliveira Goes MA, da Silva Peixoto MV, da Concei\u00e7\u00e3o AD, et al. Spatial and temporal analysis of tuberculosis in an area of social inequality in Northeast Brazil. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):873.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"949_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0240879","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240879","volume":"15","author":"P Nguipdop-Djomo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nguipdop-Djomo P, Rodrigues LC, Abubakar I, Mangtani P. Small-area level socio-economic deprivation and tuberculosis rates in England: an ecological analysis of tuberculosis notifications between 2008 and 2012. PLoS One. 2020;15(10):e0240879.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"949_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy938","volume":"69","author":"JM Trauer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Trauer JM, Dodd PJ, Gomes MGM, Gomez GB, Houben RMGJ, McBryde ES, et al. The importance of heterogeneity to the epidemiology of tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;69(1):159\u201366.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"949_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2015-205729","volume":"70","author":"E Guillaume","year":"2016","unstructured":"Guillaume E, Pornet C, Dejardin O, Launay L, Lillini R, Vercelli M, et al. Development of a cross-cultural deprivation index in five European countries. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2016;70(5):493\u20139.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"949_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2016.08.008","volume":"41","author":"AI Ribeiro","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ribeiro AI, Krainski ET, Autran R, Teixeira H, Carvalho MS, de Pina MdF. The influence of socioeconomic, biogeophysical and built environment on old-age survival in a Southern European city. Health Place. 2016;41:100\u20139.","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"issue":"2","key":"949_CR18","first-page":"581","volume":"12","author":"AI Ribeiro","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ribeiro AI, Krainski ET, Carvalho MS, De F\u00e1tima de Pina M. The influence of socioeconomic deprivation, access to healthcare and physical environment on old-age survival in Portugal. Geospat Health. 2017;12(2):581.","journal-title":"Geospat Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"949_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0208320","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208320","volume":"13","author":"AI Ribeiro","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ribeiro AI, Launay L, Guillaume E, Launoy G, Barros H. The Portuguese version of the European Deprivation Index: development and association with all-cause mortality. PLoS One. 2018;13(12):e0208320.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"949_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2017.06.014","volume":"71","author":"J Bryere","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bryere J, Menvielle G, Dejardin O, Launay L, Molinie F, Stucker I, et al. Neighborhood deprivation and risk of head and neck cancer: a multilevel analysis from France. Oral Oncol. 2017;71:144\u20139.","journal-title":"Oral Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"949_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1097\/CEJ.0000000000000326","volume":"27","author":"J Bryere","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bryere J, Dejardin O, Launay L, Colonna M, Grosclaude P, Launoy G. Socioeconomic status and site-specific cancer incidence, a Bayesian approach in a French Cancer Registries Network study. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2018;27(4):391\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer Prev"},{"issue":"7","key":"949_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.16.0907","volume":"21","author":"D Apolinario","year":"2017","unstructured":"Apolinario D, Ribeiro AI, Krainski E, Sousa P, Abranches M, Duarte R. Tuberculosis inequalities and socio-economic deprivation in Portugal. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2017;21(7):784\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"949_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16646","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73759-w","volume":"10","author":"O Oliveira","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oliveira O, Ribeiro AI, Krainski ET, Rito T, Duarte R, Correia-Neves M. Using Bayesian spatial models to map and to identify geographical hotspots of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Portugal between 2000 and 2016. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):16646.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"949_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2010.03351.x","volume":"17","author":"J Perdig\u00e3o","year":"2011","unstructured":"Perdig\u00e3o J, Macedo R, Silva C, Pinto C, Furtado C, Brum L, et al. Tuberculosis drug-resistance in Lisbon, Portugal: a 6-year overview. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;17(9):1397\u2013402.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"949_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-15-991","volume":"15","author":"J Perdig\u00e3o","year":"2014","unstructured":"Perdig\u00e3o J, Silva H, Machado D, Macedo R, Maltez F, Silva C, et al. Unraveling Mycobacterium tuberculosis genomic diversity and evolution in Lisbon, Portugal, a highly drug resistant setting. BMC Genomics. 2014;15(1):991.","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"issue":"1","key":"949_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4189-7","volume":"19","author":"O Oliveira","year":"2019","unstructured":"Oliveira O, Gaio R, Carvalho C, Correia-Neves M, Duarte R, Rito T. A nationwide study of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Portugal 2014\u20132017 using epidemiological and molecular clustering analyses. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19(1):567.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"949_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2018.00068","volume":"6","author":"S Dolley","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dolley S. Big data\u2019s role in precision public health. Front Public Health. 2018;6:68.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"15","key":"949_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1806634","volume":"379","author":"M Chowkwanyun","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chowkwanyun M, Bayer R, Galea S. \"Precision\" public health\u2014between novelty and hype. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(15):1398\u2013400.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"949_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1178-4","volume":"16","author":"D Shaweno","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shaweno D, Karmakar M, Alene KA, Ragonnet R, Clements AC, Trauer JM, et al. Methods used in the spatial analysis of tuberculosis epidemiology: a systematic review. BMC Med. 2018;16(1):193\u2013193.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"949_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.18.0245","volume":"23","author":"PM Sifuna","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sifuna PM, Ouma C, Atieli H, Owuoth J, Onyango D, Andagalu B, et al. Spatial epidemiology of tuberculosis in the high-burden counties of Kisumu and Siaya, Western Kenya, 2012\u20132015. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2019;23(3):363\u201370.","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"949_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acref\/9780199976720.001.0001","volume-title":"A dictionary of epidemiology","author":"M Porta","year":"2014","unstructured":"Porta M. A dictionary of epidemiology. 6th ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2014.","edition":"6"},{"issue":"1","key":"949_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00116466","volume":"43","author":"J Besag","year":"1991","unstructured":"Besag J, York J, Molli\u00e9 A. Bayesian image restoration, with two applications in spatial statistics. Ann Instit Stat Math. 1991;43(1):1\u201320.","journal-title":"Ann Instit Stat Math"},{"issue":"1","key":"949_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2001.00197.x","volume":"57","author":"CB Dean","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dean CB, Ugarte MD, Militino AF. Detecting interaction between random region and fixed age effects in disease mapping. Biometrics. 2001;57(1):197\u2013202.","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"949_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280216660421","volume":"25","author":"A Riebler","year":"2016","unstructured":"Riebler A, S\u00f8rbye SH, Simpson D, Rue H. An intuitive Bayesian spatial model for disease mapping that accounts for scaling. Stat Methods Med Res. 2016;25(4):1145\u201365.","journal-title":"Stat Methods Med Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"949_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/rssb.12055","volume":"77","author":"D Bolin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bolin D, Lindgren F. Excursion and contour uncertainty regions for latent Gaussian models. J R Stat Soc B. 2015;77(1):85\u2013106.","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc B"},{"issue":"6","key":"949_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2015-206827","volume":"70","author":"AI Ribeiro","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ribeiro AI, Krainski ET, Carvalho MS, Pina MF. Where do people live longer and shorter lives? An ecological study of old-age survival across 4404 small areas from 18 European countries. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2016;70(6):561\u20138.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"949_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9868.2008.00700.x","volume":"71","author":"H Rue","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rue H, Martino S, Lindgren F. INLA: Functions which allow to perform a full Bayesian analysis of structured additive models using Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation. J R Stat Soc Ser B (Stat Methodol). 2009;71:319\u201392.","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Ser B (Stat Methodol)"},{"key":"949_CR38","unstructured":"The official reference system for Continental Portugal. https:\/\/www.dgterritorio.gov.pt\/geodesia\/sistemas-referencia\/portugal-continental\/PT-TM06-ETRS89. Accessed 15 Oct 2021."},{"key":"949_CR39","unstructured":"Database of coordinates systems. https:\/\/epsg.io\/3763. Accessed 10 Oct 2021."},{"issue":"11","key":"949_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.10.0302","volume":"15","author":"L Couceiro","year":"2011","unstructured":"Couceiro L, Santana P, Nunes C. Pulmonary tuberculosis and risk factors in Portugal: a spatial analysis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2011;15(11):1445\u201355.","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"issue":"15","key":"949_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3211","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268815001089","volume":"143","author":"C Areias","year":"2015","unstructured":"Areias C, Briz T, Nunes C. Pulmonary tuberculosis space-time clustering and spatial variation in temporal trends in Portugal, 2000\u20132010: an updated analysis. Epidemiol Infect. 2015;143(15):3211\u20139.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"949_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi8010014","volume":"8","author":"E Rood","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rood E, Khan AH, Modak PK, Mergenthaler C, van Gurp M, Blok L, et al. A spatial analysis framework to monitor and accelerate progress towards SDG 3 to End TB in Bangladesh. ISPRS Int J Geo-Inform. 2019;8(1):14.","journal-title":"ISPRS Int J Geo-Inform"},{"issue":"5","key":"949_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00111812","volume":"42","author":"HE Jenkins","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jenkins HE, Plesca V, Ciobanu A, Crudu V, Galusca I, Soltan V, et al. Assessing spatial heterogeneity of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in a high-burden country. Eur Respir J. 2013;42(5):1291\u2013301.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"1","key":"949_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-2151-5","volume":"17","author":"P Ding","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ding P, Li X, Jia Z, Lu Z. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) disease burden in China: a systematic review and spatio-temporal analysis. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17(1):57.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"949_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0171800","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171800","volume":"12","author":"KA Alene","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alene KA, Viney K, McBryde ES, Clements AC. Spatial patterns of multidrug resistant tuberculosis and relationships to socio-economic, demographic and household factors in northwest Ethiopia. PLoS One. 2017;12(2):e0171800.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"949_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.20344\/amp.7387","volume":"30","author":"AI Ribeiro","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ribeiro AI, Mayer A, Miranda A, Pina MF. The Portuguese Version of the European Deprivation Index: an instrument to study health inequalities. Acta Med Port. 2017;30(1):17\u201325.","journal-title":"Acta Med Port"},{"issue":"suppl_4","key":"949_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"cky213.173","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/cky213.173","volume":"28","author":"E FreireRodrigues","year":"2018","unstructured":"FreireRodrigues E, Leite A, Duarte G, Vaz D, Marques AP, Cal\u00e9 E, Silva AC. Tuberculosis surveillance systems in Portugal: an evaluation in a high incidence area (2016 to 2017). Eur J Public Health. 2018;28(suppl_4):cky213.173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurpub\/cky213.173.","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"949_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900568","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.12.1900568","volume":"25","author":"M Straetemans","year":"2020","unstructured":"Straetemans M, Bakker MI, Alba S, Mergenthaler C, Rood E, Andersen PH, et al. Completeness of tuberculosis (TB) notification: inventory studies and capture-recapture analyses, six European Union countries, 2014 to 2016. Eurosurveillance. 2020;25(12):1900568.","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"issue":"4","key":"949_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp416","volume":"171","author":"A Nandi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nandi A, Glass TA, Cole SR, Chu H, Galea S, Celentano DD, et al. Neighborhood poverty and injection cessation in a sample of injection drug users. Am J Epidemiol. 2010;171(4):391\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"949_CR50","unstructured":"The Institute of Alcohol Studies, UK. Alcohol and health inequalities-IAS briefing. https:\/\/www.ias.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Alcohol-and-health-inequalities.pdf. Accessed 15 Oct 2021."}],"container-title":["Infectious Diseases of Poverty"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40249-022-00949-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40249-022-00949-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40249-022-00949-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]],"date-time":"2022-03-24T00:05:54Z","timestamp":1648080354000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/idpjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40249-022-00949-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["949"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40249-022-00949-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2049-9957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2049-9957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 November 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 February 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 March 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval and informed consent were not required, as the patient data, collected for an official national surveillance system, were anonymized in accordance with the ethical research guidelines in Portugal. Authorization for its use in the present manuscript was given by the National Program for Tuberculosis.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"24"}}