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In Portugal, reporting of VL cases to public health authorities is mandatory, but significant underreporting is likely. This study aimed to describe the epidemiological and clinical aspects of the VL cases diagnosed in hospitals of the Portuguese National Health Service (NHS), between 2010 and 2020.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Collaboration was requested to every hospital of the Portuguese NHS in Mainland Portugal. Cases were screened through a search of diagnostic discharge codes or, if not available, by a search of positive laboratory results for <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> infection. Sociodemographic and clinical data was retrieved from medical records. Simultaneously, the National Health authority was contacted to request access to data of notified cases of VL between 2010 and 2020. Descriptive, hypothesis testing and multiple binary logistic regression models were performed.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A total of 221 VL cases were identified. A significant increase in estimated national incidence was seen in the years after 2016 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.030). VL was predominantly diagnosed in people living with HIV (PLWH) and in children (representing around 60% of the new cases), but the outcome was generally poorer in non-HIV patients with associated immunosuppression, with significantly lower rates of clinical improvement at 7 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003) and 30 days (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.008) after treatment. Atypical presentations, with gastrointestinal and\/or respiratory involvement, were seen in 8.5% of VL cases. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis was diagnosed in 40.0% of children under 5 years of age. Only 49.7% of incident VL cases were reported. Simultaneous involvement of the skin was confirmed in 5.9% of patients.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>VL presents a continuing threat in Portugal, especially to PLWH and children, and an increasing threat to other immunosuppressed groups. Recent increases in incidence should be closely monitored to allow prompt interventions. Programs to control the disease should focus on providing tools for earlier diagnosis and on reducing underreporting and promoting an integrated surveillance of human and animal disease. These data should be combined with asymptomatic infection and vector information, following a One Health approach.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-024-01204-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]],"date-time":"2024-06-01T01:04:14Z","timestamp":1717203854000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Epidemiological and clinical trends of visceral leishmaniasis in Portugal: retrospective analysis of cases diagnosed in public hospitals between 2010 and 2020"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Rafael","family":"Rocha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Luzia","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"name":"LeishPT group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ana Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Maia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Carujo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Maio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Catarina","family":"Forra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Catarina","family":"Melita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Couto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dulce","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ema","family":"Leal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Sarmento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jean-Pierre","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Marinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Miguel","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"L\u00eddia","family":"Caley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Malheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Margarida","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Margarida","family":"Prata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maria Margarida","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Alpalh\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Ferraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Salom\u00e3o","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Llobet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Guimar\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tiago","family":"Branco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tom\u00e1s","family":"Robalo-Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vasco","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2545-7686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Maia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"1204_CR1","volume-title":"Tropical Diseases","author":"Manson\u2019s","year":"2024","unstructured":"Manson\u2019s. 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EACS Guidelines version 11.1."}],"container-title":["Infectious Diseases of Poverty"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40249-024-01204-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40249-024-01204-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40249-024-01204-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]],"date-time":"2024-06-01T01:04:37Z","timestamp":1717203877000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/idpjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40249-024-01204-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1204"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40249-024-01204-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2049-9957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2049-9957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 December 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 May 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 June 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study received a favorable opinion of the Ethics Committees of all the involved institutions, namely: Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (reference 1.22); Centro Hospitalar do Baixo Vouga (16-01-2022\/CES); Centro Hospitalar Barreiro Montijo; Centro Hospitalar de Entre o Douro e Vouga (29\/2022); Centro Hospitalar de Leiria (34\/2023); Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental (2293); Centro Hospitalar do M\u00e9dio Tejo (080\/2022); Centro Hospitalar do Oeste; Centro Hospitalar de Set\u00fabal (018\/2022F); Centro Hospitalar do T\u00e2mega e Sousa (63\/2021); Centro Hospitalar Tondela Viseu (08\/19\/11\/2021); Centro Hospitalar de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro; Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia e Espinho (65\/2022); Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio do Algarve (172\/2021); Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de Coimbra (OBS.SF.083-2022); Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio Cova da Beira (03\/2022); Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa Central (1287\/2022); Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio Lisboa Norte; Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de Santo Ant\u00f3nio (2022.060); Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o (06\/2022); Hospital Beatriz \u00c2ngelo (4018\/2022); Hospital de Braga (29_2022); Hospital de Cascais Dr. Jos\u00e9 de Almeida (1\/CE); Hospital Distrital de Santar\u00e9m (31\/2022); Hospital do Esp\u00edrito Santo de \u00c9vora; Hospital Garcia de Orta; Hospital Professor Doutor Fernando Fonseca; Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira Guimar\u00e3es (07\/2022); Hospital de Vila Franca de Xira; Instituto Portugu\u00eas de Oncologia de Coimbra Francisco Gentil; Instituto Portugu\u00eas de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (73\/2022); Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade do Alto Minho (30\/2022); Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade do Baixo Alentejo (10\/2021); Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade de Castelo Branco; Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade da Guarda (112\/2022); Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade do Nordeste (59\/2022); Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade do Norte Alentejano.Additionally, the study was authorized by the Administration Council of all the involved Hospitals. In the three hospitals where informed consent was required, collection of data was only performed for patients who consented and after signing the form.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"41"}}