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The efficacy to enhance homeostatic mechanisms during the first weeks after stroke will influence functional outcome. Thyroid hormones (TH) are essential regulators of neuronal plasticity, however, their role in recovery related mechanisms of neuronal plasticity after stroke remains unknown. This study addresses important findings of 3,5,3\u2032-triiodo-L-thyronine (T\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) in the regulation of homeostatic mechanisms that adjust excitability \u2013 inhibition ratio in the post-ischemic brain. This is valid during the first 2 weeks after experimental stroke induced by photothrombosis (PT) and in cultured neurons subjected to an in vitro model of acute cerebral ischemia. In the human post-stroke brain, we assessed the expression pattern of TH receptors (TR) protein levels, important for mediating T\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    actions.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Our results show that T\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    modulates several plasticity mechanisms that may operate on different temporal and spatial scales as compensatory mechanisms to assure appropriate synaptic neurotransmission. We have shown in vivo that long-term administration of T\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    after PT significantly (1) enhances lost sensorimotor function; (2) increases levels of synaptotagmin 1&amp;2 and levels of the post-synaptic GluR2 subunit in AMPA receptors in the peri-infarct area; (3) increases dendritic spine density in the peri-infarct and contralateral region and (4) decreases tonic GABAergic signaling in the peri-infarct area by a reduced number of parvalbumin\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    \/ c-fos\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    neurons and glutamic acid decarboxylase 65\/67 levels. In addition, we have shown that T\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    modulates in vitro neuron membrane properties with the balance of inward glutamate ligand-gated channels currents and decreases synaptotagmin levels in conditions of deprived oxygen and glucose. Interestingly, we found increased levels of TR\u03b21 in the infarct core of\n                    <jats:italic>post-mortem<\/jats:italic>\n                    human stroke patients, which mediate T\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    actions. Summarizing, our data identify T\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    as a potential key therapeutic agent to enhance recovery of lost neurological functions after ischemic stroke.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-019-0866-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,21]],"date-time":"2019-12-21T09:02:22Z","timestamp":1576918942000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Triiodothyronine modulates neuronal plasticity mechanisms to enhance functional outcome after stroke"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Daniela","family":"Talhada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Feiteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ana Raquel","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tiago","family":"Talhada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Cairr\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tadeusz","family":"Wieloch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Elisabet","family":"Englund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Cec\u00edlia Reis","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7211-2499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karsten","family":"Ruscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"866_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37823","DOI":"10.1038\/srep37823","volume":"29","author":"C Alia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alia C, Spalletti C, Lai S, Panarese A, Micera S, Caleo M (2016) Reducing GABA A-mediated inhibition improves forelimb motor function after focal cortical stroke in mice. 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