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To assess this working hypothesis, we have prepared medieval inks using ingredients and methods appropriate to the fifteenth to seventeenth centuries. The five historical inks studied were selected based upon research into Iberian written sources of medieval techniques. Results are supported by comparison with iron complexes with a well-characterized phenol counterpart: gallic, ellagic, and tannic acids as well as digalloyl and pentagalloyl glucose; as either precipitates or prepared as inks by adding gum arabic. Raman and infrared spectroscopies show that medieval writing inks could not have been represented solely by iron complexes with gallic acid. Overall, writing inks display the infrared signature of gallotannins, indicating that complexes of Fe<jats:sup>3+<\/jats:sup>-polygalloyl esters of glucose are also formed. Our results also show that the commercial tannic acid solution is far more complex than the gall extracts, and cannot be used to represent a gall extract (as described in historic written sources). High-performance liquid chromatography\u2013electrospray ionisation, HPLC\u2013ESI\u2013MS, reveals that the concentration of gallic acid varies in the gall extracts, depending on the extraction method and ink recipe. Importantly, in certain recipes, gallic acid is found as a minor compound, when compared with the galloyl esters of glucose.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40494-018-0228-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,8]],"date-time":"2018-11-08T13:17:20Z","timestamp":1541683040000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["New insights into iron-gall inks through the use of historically accurate reconstructions"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Rafael Javier","family":"D\u00edaz Hidalgo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"C\u00f3rdoba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Nabais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Val\u00e9ria","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7393-6801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria J.","family":"Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Pina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nat\u00e9rcia","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"228_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201000044","volume":"50","author":"S Quideau","year":"2011","unstructured":"Quideau S, Deffieux D, Douat-Casassus C, Pouys\u00e9gu L. 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