{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T15:04:47Z","timestamp":1775487887448,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,6]],"date-time":"2020-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586131200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,6]],"date-time":"2020-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007601","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["H2020-NMBP\u201035\u20102017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020-NMBP\u201035\u20102017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007601","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/QUI\/50006\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/QUI\/50006\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PD\/BD\/136678\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/BD\/136678\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PB\/BD\/114412\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PB\/BD\/114412\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CORES_PD\/00253\/2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CORES_PD\/00253\/2012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Herit Sci"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Cellulose nitrate and acetate are materials at risk in heritage collections because it is not possible to predict the evolution of their conservation state over time. Knowing that the degree of substitution (DS) of these materials correlates with their state of conservation because the fundamental degradation mechanism is hydrolysis, in this work, DS was measured in historical objects and artworks. Infrared spectra were used to develop and optimize calibration curves for cellulose nitrate and acetate references that were next applied to calculate DS values of heritage objects. The extent of hydrolysis measured, with this tool, correlated well with the physical deterioration assessed through the sample hardness (Shore A) which was measured with a Durometer. Calibration curves were optimized in reference materials by Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR-FTIR) and Micro Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (\u03bcFTIR). The DS values of the AC reference materials was previously calculated by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The calibration curves were obtained plotting DS as a function of the ratio between a reference peak (which does not suffer relevant changes during degradation) and selected peaks that monitor the degradation for cellulose acetate and nitrate polymers (avoiding the interference of plasticizers). The reference peak for both was the COC stretching mode (\u03bdCOC). The probe peak was, for cellulose nitrate, the NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> asymmetric stretching (\u03bd<jats:sub>a<\/jats:sub>NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) and, for cellulose acetate, the OH stretching mode (\u03bdOH). This ratio was then applied to calculate DS values of historical materials, in good and poor conservation condition; in situ by ATR, and in micro-samples collected from artworks by \u03bcFTIR. This selection comprises cinematographic and photographic films dated from the 1890s to the 1960s, and contemporary works of art made with cellulose acetate sheets by Portuguese artist Jos\u00e9 Escada dated from the 1960s. Finally, by comparison with the original estimated DS values, we show how this tool permits to define the state of degradation of these complex polymer matrixes. Thus, establishing the quantification of the DS as a novel tool to monitor the degradation of cellulose ester plastics, contributing in this way for a sustainable preservation of an irreplaceable heritage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40494-020-00373-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,6]],"date-time":"2020-04-06T13:02:43Z","timestamp":1586178163000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["A diagnostic tool for assessing the conservation condition of cellulose nitrate and acetate in heritage collections: quantifying the degree of substitution by infrared spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Sofia","family":"Nunes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Ramacciotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Artur","family":"Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Eva Marisole","family":"Angelin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ana Maria","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"\u00c9lia","family":"Rold\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nadja","family":"Wallaszkovits","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alfonso Alejo","family":"Armijo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maria Jo\u00e3o","family":"Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"373_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-3910(89)81016-X","volume":"25","author":"M Edge","year":"1989","unstructured":"Edge M, Allen NS, Jewitt TS, Horie CV. Fundamental aspects of the degradation of cellulose triacetate base cinematograph film. Polym Degrad Stab. 1989;25:345\u201362.","journal-title":"Polym Degrad Stab"},{"key":"373_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/0141-3910(90)90020-8","volume":"29","author":"M Edge","year":"1990","unstructured":"Edge M, Allen NS, Jewitt TS, Horie CV. The inhibition of oxidative and hydrolytic degradation pathways in archival cellulose-triacetate base cinematograph films. Polym Degrad Stab. 1990;29:31\u201348.","journal-title":"Polym Degrad Stab"},{"key":"373_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/0141-3910(92)90106-F","volume":"35","author":"M Edge","year":"1992","unstructured":"Edge M, Allen NS, Williams DAR, Thompson F, Horie V. Methods for predictive stability testing of archival polymers: a preliminary assessment of cellulose triacetate based motion picture film. Polym Degrad Stab. 1992;35:147\u201355.","journal-title":"Polym Degrad Stab"},{"key":"373_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-3057(90)90218-S","volume":"26","author":"M Edge","year":"1990","unstructured":"Edge M, Allen NS, Hayes M, Riley PNK, Horie CV, Luc-Gardette J. Mechanisms of deterioration in cellulose nitrate base archival cinematograph film. Eur Polym J. 1990;26:623\u201330.","journal-title":"Eur Polym J."},{"key":"373_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2019.109050","volume":"172","author":"IR Ahmad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ahmad IR, Cane D, Townsend JH, Triana C, Mazzei L, Curran K. Are we overestimating the permanence of cellulose triacetate cinematographic films? A mathematical model for the vinegar syndrome. Polym Degrad Stab. 2020;172:109050.","journal-title":"Polym Degrad Stab"},{"key":"373_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proche.2013.03.023","volume":"8","author":"E Ciliberto","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ciliberto E, Gemmellaro P, Iannuso V, La Delfa S, Urso RG, Viscuso E. Characterization and weathering of motion-picture films with support of cellulose nitrate, cellulose acetate and polyester Who. Procedia Chem. 2013;8:175\u201384.","journal-title":"Procedia Chem."},{"key":"373_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6194","DOI":"10.1039\/C7AY02165H","volume":"9","author":"P Fei","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fei P, Liao L, Cheng B, Song J. Quantitative analysis of cellulose acetate with a high degree of substitution by FTIR and its application. Anal Methods. 2017;9:6194\u2013201.","journal-title":"Anal Methods"},{"key":"373_CR8","volume-title":"Pioneer plastic: the making and selling of celluloid","author":"R Friedel","year":"1983","unstructured":"Friedel R. Pioneer plastic: the making and selling of celluloid. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press; 1983."},{"key":"373_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2004.10.001","volume":"29","author":"M Rahman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rahman M, Brazel CS. The plasticizer market: an assessment of traditional plasticizers and research trends to meet new challenges. Prog Polym Sci. 2004;29:1223\u201348.","journal-title":"Prog Polym Sci"},{"key":"373_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2013.12.001","volume":"107","author":"E Richardson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Richardson E, Giachet MT, Schilling M, Learner T. Assessing the physical stability of archival cellulose acetate films by monitoring plasticizer loss. Polym Degrad Stab. 2014;107:231\u20136.","journal-title":"Polym Degrad Stab"},{"key":"373_CR11","volume-title":"Cellulosic plastics","author":"VE Yarsley","year":"1964","unstructured":"Yarsley VE, Flavell W, Adamson PS, Perkins NG. Cellulosic plastics. London: The Plastics Institute; 1964."},{"key":"373_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2014.03.009","volume":"107","author":"MT Giachet","year":"2014","unstructured":"Giachet MT, Schilling M, Mccormick K, Mazurek J, Richardson E, Khanjian H, et al. Assessment of the composition and condition of animation cels made from cellulose acetate. Polym Degrad Stab. 2014;107:223\u201330.","journal-title":"Polym Degrad Stab"},{"key":"373_CR13","first-page":"68","volume":"2","author":"S Th\u00e9rias","year":"2012","unstructured":"Th\u00e9rias S, Bussi\u00e8re P, Gardette M, Gardette J, Lattuati-derieux A, Universit\u00e9 C, et al. Alt\u00e9ration des objets en cellulo\u00efd dans les collections: \u00e9tude des m\u00e9canismes de vieillissement Degradation of celluloid in art works: a study of the mechanisms. Actes du Colloq Sci des mat\u00e9riaux du Patrim Cult. 2012;2:68\u201373.","journal-title":"Actes du Colloq Sci des mat\u00e9riaux du Patrim Cult."},{"key":"373_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2014.02.022","volume":"107","author":"PO Bussiere","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bussiere PO, Gardette JL, Therias S. Photodegradation of celluloid used in museum artifacts. Polym Degrad Stab. 2014;107:246\u201354.","journal-title":"Polym Degrad Stab"},{"key":"373_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2014.02.039","volume":"272","author":"S Berthumeyrie","year":"2014","unstructured":"Berthumeyrie S, Collin S, Bussiere PO, Therias S. Photooxidation of cellulose nitrate: new insights into degradation mechanisms. J Hazard Mater. 2014;272:137\u201347.","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"373_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1080\/00223638.1988.11736978","volume":"36","author":"NS Allen","year":"1988","unstructured":"Allen NS, Edge M, Appleyard JH, Jewitt TS, Rorie CV. The degradation and stabilization of historic cellulose acetate\/nitrate base motion-picture film. J Photogr Sci. 1988;36:103\u20136.","journal-title":"J Photogr Sci."},{"key":"373_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1080\/00223638.1988.11736956","volume":"36","author":"NS Allen","year":"1988","unstructured":"Allen NS, Edge M, Francis D, Horie CV, Appleyard TH, Tewitt TS. The nature of the degradation of archival cellulose-ester base motion-picture film: the case for stabilization. J Photogr Sci. 1988;36:34\u20139.","journal-title":"J Photogr Sci."},{"key":"373_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2011.06.008","volume":"96","author":"A Quye","year":"2011","unstructured":"Quye A, Littlejohn D, Pethrick RA, Stewart RA. Accelerated ageing to study the degradation of cellulose nitrate museum artefacts. Polym Degrad Stab. 2011;96:1934\u20139.","journal-title":"Polym Degrad Stab"},{"key":"373_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-011-1746-8","volume":"107","author":"J Rychly","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rychly J, Lattuati-Derieux A, Matisova-Rychla L, Csomorova K, Janigova I, Lavedrine B. Degradation of aged nitrocellulose investigated by thermal analysis and chemiluminescence. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2012;107:1267\u201376.","journal-title":"J Therm Anal Calorim"},{"key":"373_CR20","unstructured":"Hamrang A. Degradation and stabilzation of cellulose based plastics & artifacts. Ph.D. Thesis. Faculty of Science and Engineering, The Manchester Metropolitan University; 1994."},{"key":"373_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/0144-2880(86)90057-6","volume":"7","author":"DNS Hon","year":"1986","unstructured":"Hon DNS, Gui TL. Photodegradation of cellulose nitrate. Polym Photochem. 1986;7:299\u2013310.","journal-title":"Polym Photochem."},{"key":"373_CR22","volume-title":"Chemistry: molecules, matter and change","author":"PW Atkins","year":"1997","unstructured":"Atkins PW, Jones L. Chemistry: molecules, matter and change. 3rd ed. New York: W H Freeman & Co; 1997.","edition":"3"},{"key":"373_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2012.08.023","volume":"98","author":"D Littlejohn","year":"2013","unstructured":"Littlejohn D, Pethrick RA, Quye A, Ballany JM. Investigation of the degradation of cellulose acetate museum artefacts. Polym Degrad Stab. 2013;98:416\u201324.","journal-title":"Polym Degrad Stab"},{"key":"373_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-010-0258-0","volume":"19","author":"J Puls","year":"2011","unstructured":"Puls J, Wilson SA, H\u00f6lter D. Degradation of cellulose acetate-based materials: a review. J Polym Environ. 2011;19:152\u201365.","journal-title":"J Polym Environ"},{"key":"373_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1002\/pol.1977.170150319","volume":"15","author":"NS Hon","year":"1977","unstructured":"Hon NS. Photodegradation of cellulose acetate fibers. J Polym Sci Polym Chem Ed. 1977;15:725\u201344.","journal-title":"J Polym Sci Polym Chem Ed."},{"key":"373_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1002\/apmc.1982.051080111","volume":"108","author":"A Merlin","year":"1982","unstructured":"Merlin A, Fouassier J-P. Photochemical investigations into cellulosic materials, IV. Die Angew Makromol Chemie. 1982;108:185\u201395.","journal-title":"Die Angew Makromol Chemie."},{"key":"373_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-007-9127-y","volume":"14","author":"K Hosono","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hosono K, Kanazawa A, Mori H, Endo T. Enhanced degradation of cellulose acetate film containing diphenyliodonium salt-benzophenone. Cellulose. 2007;14:529\u201337.","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"373_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3045","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-3861(96)00868-3","volume":"38","author":"E Samios","year":"1997","unstructured":"Samios E, Dart RK. Preparation, characterization and biodegradation studies on cellulose acetates with varying degrees of substitution. Polymer. 1997;38:3045\u201354.","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"373_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2014.11.004","volume":"118","author":"H Kono","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kono H, Hashimoto H, Shimizu Y. NMR characterization of cellulose acetate: chemical shift assignments, substituent effects, and chemical shift additivity. Carbohydr Polym. 2015;118:91\u2013100.","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"373_CR30","unstructured":"Rold\u00e3o \u00c9. A contribution for the preservation of cellulose esters black and white negatives. Ph.D. Thesis. NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa; 2018."},{"key":"373_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.5464","volume":"50","author":"A Neves","year":"2018","unstructured":"Neves A, Angelin EM, Rold\u00e3o \u00c9, Melo MJ. New insights into the degradation mechanism of cellulose nitrate in cinematographic films by Raman microscopy. J Raman Spectrosc. 2018;50:202\u201312.","journal-title":"J Raman Spectrosc"},{"key":"373_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9331","DOI":"10.1021\/la000579e","volume":"20","author":"LM Ilharco","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ilharco LM, De Barros RB. Aggregation of pseudo isocyanine iodide in cellulose acetate films: structural characterization by FTIR. Langmuir. 2000;20:9331\u20137.","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"373_CR33","unstructured":"Babo S. Estudo e Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o da obra Dans La Plage de Jos\u00e9 Escada: a degrada\u00e7\u00e3o do acetato de celulose e o tratamento de deforma\u00e7\u00f5es em materiais termopl\u00e1sticos. BSc Report. NOVA School of Science and Technology; 2006."},{"key":"373_CR34","unstructured":"Stewart RA. Analytical studies of the degradation of cellulose nitrate artefacts. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Strathclyde; 1997."},{"key":"373_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2018.05.011","volume":"35","author":"J Mazurek","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mazurek J, Lagan\u00e0 A, Dion V, Etyemez S, Carta C, Schilling MR. Investigation of cellulose nitrate and cellulose acetate plastics in museum collections using ion chromatography and size exclusion chromatography. J Cult Herit. 2019;35:263\u201370.","journal-title":"J Cult Herit."}],"container-title":["Heritage Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s40494-020-00373-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s40494-020-00373-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s40494-020-00373-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T16:14:34Z","timestamp":1739204074000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s40494-020-00373-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,6]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["373"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40494-020-00373-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-7445"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-7445","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 December 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 March 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 April 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"33"}}