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Biol. Technol. Agric."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Soils affected by salinity are a recurring problem that is continually increasing due to the impact of climate change on weather conditions and ineffective agricultural management practices. The use of plant growth promoting (PGP) Bacteria can alleviate its effects. In this regard, the genus <jats:italic>Rhizobium<\/jats:italic> has demonstrated excellent PGP capabilities through various plant growth promotion mechanisms and may therefore be a promising biofortifier under saline conditions. However, little is known about the production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by bacteria of this genus and their effects on plant development. Here, we aim to characterize the volatilome (the set of volatile metabolites synthesized by an organism) of <jats:italic>Rhizobium<\/jats:italic> for the first time and to further investigate the direct and VOC-mediated interaction between a strain of this genus and lettuce, a crop severely affected by salinity, both under saline and non-saline conditions.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In this study, it was shown that the use of <jats:italic>Rhizobium<\/jats:italic> sp. GPTR29 was able to increase the production of lettuce (<jats:italic>Lactuca sativa<\/jats:italic> L.) under normal and saline conditions. We analyzed the <jats:italic>Rhizobium<\/jats:italic> volatilome under non-saline (0\u00a0mM NaCl) and saline (100\u00a0mM NaCl) conditions by HS-SPME-GC\u2012MS and found a differential composition in response to salinity. We detected 20 different compounds, where 3-methyl-1-butanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, and \u03b1-pinene were the backbone of the <jats:italic>Rhizobium<\/jats:italic> volatilome. Exposure to these compounds in bicameral plates under salt stress resulted in increases in plant development of 17.1%, 16.0% and 33.1% in aerial part size, number of leaves and root length, respectively. Under greenhouse conditions and salinity, the inoculation of <jats:italic>Rhizobium<\/jats:italic> sp. GPTR29 resulted in an increase of 17.8% and 27.4% in shoot fresh and dry weight, respectively. Phenolic compounds were analyzed by HPLC\u2013DAD-MS, revealing an increase in total flavonoid content under salinity conditions (100\u00a0mM NaCl) and apigenin derivative, luteolin 7-<jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>-glucoside and quercetin 3-<jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>-glucuronide individually.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>These results provide new avenues for the study of PGP mechanisms in this bacterial genus, such as VOCs and their effects on plant growth, which play an important role in mediating plant\u2013microorganism interactions.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphical abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40538-023-00463-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T10:02:46Z","timestamp":1694512966000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Effect of Rhizobium mechanisms in improving tolerance to saline stress in lettuce plants"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Miguel","family":"Ayuso-Calles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 David","family":"Flores-F\u00e9lix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Filipa","family":"Amaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Garc\u00eda-Est\u00e9vez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paula Guedes","family":"de Pinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M. 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