{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T16:37:52Z","timestamp":1764175072361,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]],"date-time":"2021-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632182400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]],"date-time":"2021-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Earth Planets Space"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>On 10 October 2011, a submarine eruption occurred in El Hierro island. Thus, the eruptive process in the Canary islands was reactivated after 40 years of inactivity. The main objective of this work is to evaluate, using Functional Data Analysis, how the surface deformation phenomenon explains the seismic\u2013volcanic activity in the island. The GNSS-GPS data are from the FRON (GRAFCAN) station, located in Frontera. These data measure, each 4 h, the distance between the FRON station and the reference station LPAL (La Palma island) from August, 2010 to December, 2013. In this study a functional correlation measure is employed to establish the relation between the deformation curve and the curve of cumulative energy released. The period of time analysed has been divided into four phases to avoid the mix of phenomena. For each phase, the correlation measure and the time lag between deformation curve and the curve of cumulative energy released have been estimated. These values show a strong relation between these curves. With respect to time lag period, the only significant lag, of about 1 month, occurred in Phase 1, which was after a long period without seismic activity. The later phases had very short, insignificant, lags. After a long period without seismic and volcanic activity in El Hierro island, the time lag between the deformation process and the beginning of the seismic activity takes approximately 1 month. In a similar situation a method to predict in real time the beginning of the seismic activity is proposed. This method, based on the changes produced in the derivative curves when there is a rapid descent in the deformation curve, could activate a warning system approximately 13 days before the beginning of seismicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40623-021-01514-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]],"date-time":"2021-09-21T13:03:09Z","timestamp":1632229389000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The time lag between deformation process and seismic activity in El Hierro Island during the eruptive process (2011\u20132014): a functional phased approach"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"73","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0376-536X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia","family":"P\u00e9rez-Plaza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Berrocoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bel\u00e9n","family":"Rosado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gon\u00e7alo","family":"Prates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Palac\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"1514_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-011-0444-4","volume":"85","author":"Z Altamimi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Altamimi Z, Collilieux X, M\u00e9tivier L (2011) Itrf 2008: an improved solution of the international terrestrial reference frame. J Geod 85(8):457\u2013473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00190-011-0444-4","journal-title":"J Geod"},{"issue":"2","key":"1514_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s10115-016-0987-z","volume":"51","author":"S Aminikhanghahi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aminikhanghahi S, Cook DJ (2017) A survey of methods for time series change point detection. Knowl Inform Syst 51(2):339\u2013367","journal-title":"Knowl Inform Syst"},{"key":"1514_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-0273(00)00195-5","volume":"103","author":"F Anguita","year":"2000","unstructured":"Anguita F, Hern\u00e1n F (2000) The canary islands origin: a unifying model. J Volcanol Geother Res 103:1\u201326","journal-title":"J Volcanol Geother Res"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aran\u0304a V, Ortiz R (1991) The Canary Islands: Tectonics, magmatism and geodynamic framework. In Magmatismin extensional structural settings (The Phanerozoic African plate). eds A. B. Kampunzu and R. T. Lubala. Springer-Verlag, Barcelona, Spain","key":"1514_CR4","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-73966-8_9"},{"issue":"1","key":"1514_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8240(89)80047-3","volume":"51","author":"I Auger","year":"1989","unstructured":"Auger I, Lawrence C (1989) Algorithms for the optimal identification of segment neighborhoods. Bull Math Biol 51(1):39\u201354","journal-title":"Bull Math Biol"},{"unstructured":"Berrocoso M, Fern\u00e1ndez-Ros A, Prates G, Mart\u00edn M, Hurtado R, Pereda J, Garc\u00eda M, Garc\u00eda Can\u0304ada L, Ortiz R, Garc\u00eda A (2012) Analysis of surface deformation during the eruptive process of el hierro island (canary island, spain): Detection, evolution and forecasting. EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts 14:43\u201351","key":"1514_CR6"},{"key":"1514_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-0273(99)00102-X","volume":"94","author":"J Carracedo","year":"1999","unstructured":"Carracedo J, Day S, Guillou H, P\u00e9rez Torrado F (1999) Giant quaternary landslides in the evolution of la palma and el hierro, canary islands. J Volcanol Geother Res 94:169\u2013190","journal-title":"J Volcanol Geother Res"},{"key":"1514_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3989\/egeol.01575-6134","volume":"57","author":"J Carracedo","year":"2001","unstructured":"Carracedo J, Rodr\u00edguez Badiola E, Guillou H, De la Nuez J, P\u00e9rez-Torrado F (2001) Geology and volcanology of la palma and el hierro (canary islands). Estudios geol\u00f3gicos 57:175\u2013273","journal-title":"Estudios geol\u00f3gicos"},{"issue":"B9","key":"1514_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18205","DOI":"10.1029\/95JB01969","volume":"100","author":"G Choy","year":"1995","unstructured":"Choy G, Boatwright J (1995) Global patterns of radiated seismic energy and apparent stress. J Geophys Res 100(B9):18205\u201318228","journal-title":"J Geophys Res"},{"unstructured":"Dach R, Hugentobler U, Fridez P, Meindl M (2011) Bernese gps software ver. 5.0 http:\/\/www.bernese.unibe.ch\/","key":"1514_CR10"},{"key":"1514_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-6333-3","volume-title":"A practical guide to splines, Applied Mathematical Sciences","author":"C DeBoor","year":"1978","unstructured":"DeBoor C (1978) A practical guide to splines, Applied Mathematical Sciences, vol 27. Springer-verlag, New York"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dom\u00ednguez\u00a0Cerden\u0304a I, Garc\u00eda\u00a0Can\u0304ada L, Benito\u00a0Sanz M, Del\u00a0Fresno C, Lamolda H, Pereda\u00a0de Pablo J, S\u00e1nchez\u00a0Sanz C (2018) On the relation between ground surface deformation and seismicity during the 2012-2014 succesive magmatic intrusions at el hierro island. Technophysics 744:422\u2013437","key":"1514_CR12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tecto.2018.07.019"},{"key":"1514_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-49302-0","volume-title":"Volcano deformation: new geodetic monitoring techniques","author":"D Dzurisin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dzurisin D (2006) Volcano deformation: new geodetic monitoring techniques. Springer, Berlin"},{"key":"1514_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v051.i04","volume":"51","author":"M Febrero-Bande","year":"2012","unstructured":"Febrero-Bande M, Oviedo de la Fuente M (2012) Statistical computing in functional data analysis: the r package fda.usc. J Stat Softw 51:1\u201328","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"issue":"1","key":"1514_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggt505","volume":"197","author":"A Garc\u00eda","year":"2014","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda A, Fern\u00e1ndez-Ros A, Berrocoso M, Marrero J, Prates G, De la Cruz-Reyna S, Ortiz R (2014) Magma displacements under insular volcanic fields, applications to eruption forecasting: El hierro, canary islands, 2011\u20132013. Geophys J Int 197(1):322\u2013334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gji\/ggt505","journal-title":"Geophys J Int"},{"key":"1514_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-0273(00)00241-9","volume":"105","author":"M Gee","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gee M, Masson D, Watts A, Mitchell N (2001) Offshore continuation of volcanic rift zones. el hierro. canary islands. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 105:107\u2013119","journal-title":"J Volcanol Geotherm Res"},{"key":"1514_CR17","first-page":"15","volume":"38","author":"A Hern\u00e1ndez-Pacheco","year":"1982","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Pacheco A (1982) Sobre una posible erupci\u00f3n en 1793 en la isla de el hierro (canarias). Estudios geol\u00f3gicos 38:15\u201326","journal-title":"Estudios geol\u00f3gicos"},{"issue":"Series D","key":"1514_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3662552","volume":"82","author":"R Kalman","year":"1960","unstructured":"Kalman R (1960) A new approach to linear filtering and prediction problems. J Basic Eng 82(Series D):35\u201345","journal-title":"J Basic Eng"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keogh E, Chu S, Hart D, Pazzani M (2004) Segmenting time series: A survey and novel approach. Data mining in Time Series Databases. World Scientific, Singapore, pp 1\u201321","key":"1514_CR19","DOI":"10.1142\/9789812565402_0001"},{"key":"1514_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6771","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL074494","volume":"44","author":"H Lamolda","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lamolda H, Felpeto A, Bethencourt A (2017) Time lag between deformation and seismicity along monogenetic volcanic unrest periods: The case of el hierro island (canary islands). Geophys Res Lett 44:6771\u20136777","journal-title":"Geophys Res Lett"},{"key":"1514_CR21","first-page":"13","volume":"39","author":"C L\u00f3pez","year":"2012","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez C, Blanco M, Abella R, Brenes B, Cabrera Rodr\u00edguez V, Casas B, Dom\u00ednguez Cerde\u00f1a I, Felpeto A, de Villalta MF, Del Fresno C et al (2012) Monitoring the volcanic unrest of el hierro (canary islands) before the onset of the 2011\u20132012 submarine eruption. Geophys Res Lett 39:13","journal-title":"Geophys Res Lett"},{"key":"1514_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1007\/s10712-014-9290-2","volume":"35","author":"C L\u00f3pez","year":"2014","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez C, Mart\u00ed J, Abella R, Tarraga M (2014) Applying fractal dimensions and energy-budget analysis to chatacterize fracturing processes during magma migration and eruption: 2011\u20132012 el hierro (canary islands) submarine eruption. Surv Geophys 35:1023\u20131044. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10712-014-9290-2","journal-title":"Surv Geophys"},{"issue":"7","key":"1514_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1093\/petrology\/egt014","volume":"54","author":"J Mart\u00ed","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mart\u00ed J, Castro A, Rodr\u00edguez C, Costa F, Carrasquilla S, Pedreira R, Bolos X (2013) Correlation of magma evolution and geophysical monitoring during the 2011\u20132012 el hierro (canary islands) submarine eruption. J Petrol 54(7):1349\u20131373","journal-title":"J Petrol"},{"key":"1514_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-8252(01)00069-1","volume":"57","author":"D Masson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Masson D, Watts A, Gee M, Urgeles R, Mitchell N, Bas LE, Canals M (2002) Slope failures on the flanks of the western canary islands. Earth-Sci Rev 57:1\u201335","journal-title":"Earth-Sci Rev"},{"unstructured":"Mervart L (1995) Ambiguity resolution techniques in geodetic and geodynamic applica-tions of the global positioning system. (phd thesis). PhD thesis, University of Bern","key":"1514_CR25"},{"key":"1514_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-0273(01)00310-9","volume":"115","author":"N Mitchell","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mitchell N, Masson D, Watts A, Gee M, Urgeles R (2002) The morphology of the submarine flanks of volcanic ocean islands. A comparative study of the canary and hawaiian hotspot islands. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 115:83\u2013107","journal-title":"J Volcanol Geotherm Res"},{"key":"1514_CR27","first-page":"99","volume":"36","author":"K Mogi","year":"1958","unstructured":"Mogi K (1958) Relations between the eruptions of various volcanoes and the deformations of the ground surfaces around them. Res Inst Univ Tokio 36:99\u2013134","journal-title":"Res Inst Univ Tokio"},{"issue":"B2","key":"1514_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3227","DOI":"10.1029\/95JB03048","volume":"101","author":"A Niell","year":"1996","unstructured":"Niell A (1996) Global mapping functions for the atmosphere delay at radio wavelengths. J Geophys Res 101(B2):3227\u20133246","journal-title":"J Geophys Res"},{"unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Plaza S (2020) Estudio y aplicaci\u00f3n de t\u00e9cnicas fda de geoposicionamiento. PhD thesis, University of C\u00e1diz","key":"1514_CR29"},{"key":"1514_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/s11004-018-9731-4","volume":"50","author":"S P\u00e9rez-Plaza","year":"2018","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Plaza S, Fern\u00e1ndez-Palac\u00edn F, Berrocoso M, P\u00e1ez R, Rosado B (2018) Analysis of a gps network based on functional data analysis. Math Geosci 50:659\u2013677","journal-title":"Math Geosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"1514_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00445-013-0724-3","volume":"75","author":"G Prates","year":"2013","unstructured":"Prates G, Garc\u00eda A, Fern\u00e1ndez-Ros A, Marrero J, Ortiz R, Berrocoso M (2013) Enhancement of sub-daily positioning solutions for surface deformation surveillance at el hierro volcano (canary islands, spain). Bull Volcanol 75(6):1\u20139","journal-title":"Bull Volcanol"},{"key":"1514_CR32","volume-title":"Handbook of Modern Item Response Theory","author":"J Ramsay","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ramsay J (1997) A functional approach to modelling test data. In: der Linden WJ V, RK H (eds) Handbook of Modern Item Response Theory. Springer, New York"},{"key":"1514_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/b98888","volume-title":"Functional Data Analysis","author":"J Ramsay","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ramsay J, Silverman B (2005) Functional Data Analysis. Springer, New York, NY"},{"key":"1514_CR34","first-page":"G23B","volume":"2015","author":"P Rebischung","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rebischung P, Ray J, Benoist C, Metivier L, Altamimi Z (2015) Error Analysis of the IGS repro2 Station Position Time Series. AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts 2015:G23B-1065","journal-title":"AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts"},{"key":"1514_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02522083","volume":"107","author":"J Saastamoinen","year":"1973","unstructured":"Saastamoinen J (1973) Contribution of the theory of atmospheric refraction. G\u00e9od\u00e9sique 107:13\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02522083","journal-title":"G\u00e9od\u00e9sique"},{"key":"1514_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1198\/jasa.2009.0002","volume":"104","author":"L Sangalli","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sangalli L, Secchi P, Vantini S, Veneziani A (2009) A case study in exploratory functional data analysis: geometrical features of the internal carotid artery. J Am Stat Assoc 104:37\u201348","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"issue":"5","key":"1514_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/s00410-008-0354-5","volume":"157","author":"NA Stroncik","year":"2009","unstructured":"Stroncik NA, Kl\u00fcgel A, Hansteen TH (2009) The magmatic plumbing system beneath el hierro (canary islands): constraints from phenocrysts and naturally quenched basaltic glasses in submarine rocks. Contrib Mineral Petrol 157(5):593\u2013607","journal-title":"Contrib Mineral Petrol"},{"key":"1514_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tecto.2016.01.045","volume":"672","author":"L Telesca","year":"2016","unstructured":"Telesca L, Lovallo M, Lopez C, Molist JM (2016) Multiparametric statistical investigation of seismicity occurred at el hierro (canary islands) from 2011 to 2014. Tectonophysics 672:121\u2013128","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"unstructured":"Welch G, Bishop G (2002) An introduction to the kalman filter. Tech. rep., Department of Computer Science. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","key":"1514_CR39"}],"container-title":["Earth, Planets and Space"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40623-021-01514-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40623-021-01514-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40623-021-01514-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]],"date-time":"2021-09-21T13:07:26Z","timestamp":1632229646000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/earth-planets-space.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40623-021-01514-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1514"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40623-021-01514-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1880-5981"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1880-5981"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 April 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 September 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 September 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"177"}}