{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T14:50:42Z","timestamp":1774363842873,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Compassionate Health Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s40639-017-0033-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,27]],"date-time":"2017-04-27T12:50:44Z","timestamp":1493297444000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":399,"title":["The development of compassionate engagement and action scales for self and others"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Paul","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Francisca","family":"Catarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Cristiana","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marcela","family":"Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Russell","family":"Kolts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"James","family":"Stubbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Ceresatto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Pinto-Gouveia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jaskaran","family":"Basran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"33_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.10.2.176","volume":"10","author":"MM Antony","year":"1998","unstructured":"Antony MM, Bieling PJ, Cox BJ, Enns MW, Swinson RE. Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the depression anxiety stress scales in clinical groups and a community sample. Psychol Assess. 1998;10:176\u201381. doi: 10.1037\/1040-3590.10.2.176 .","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"33_CR2","volume-title":"Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS) 18.0.0.","author":"J Arbuckle","year":"2008","unstructured":"Arbuckle J. Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS) 18.0.0. Crawfordville: AMOS Development Corporation; 2008."},{"key":"33_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bai\u00e3o R, Gilbert P, McEwan K, & Carvalho SE. Forms of self-criticising\/attacking & self-reassuring scale: Psychometric properties and normative study. Psychol Ther Theory Res Pract. 2014. Advanced online publication. doi: 10.1111\/papt.12049 .","DOI":"10.1111\/papt.12049"},{"key":"33_CR4","volume-title":"Zero degrees of empathy: A new theory of human cruelty","author":"S Baron-Cohen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Baron-Cohen S. Zero degrees of empathy: A new theory of human cruelty, vol. 30. UK: Penguin; 2011."},{"key":"33_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Batson CD These things called empathy: Eight related but distinct phenomena. In: Decety J, and Ickes W, (eds.) The social neuroscience of empathy (Chapter 1 p. 3\u201315). Cambridge: MIT Press; 2009. doi: 10.7551\/mit-press\/9780262012973.001.0001","DOI":"10.7551\/mit-press\/9780262012973.001.0001"},{"key":"33_CR6","volume-title":"Attachment: Attachment and loss","author":"J Bowlby","year":"1969","unstructured":"Bowlby J. Attachment: Attachment and loss, vol. 1. London: Hogarth Press; 1969."},{"key":"33_CR7","volume-title":"The social origins of depression","author":"GW Brown","year":"1978","unstructured":"Brown GW, Harris TO. The social origins of depression. London: Tavistock; 1978."},{"key":"33_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2000.06.004","volume":"121","author":"GB Brown","year":"2010","unstructured":"Brown GB, Harris TO, Kendrick T, et al. Antidepressants, social adversity and outcome of depression in general practice. J Affect Disord. 2010;121:239\u201346. doi: 10.1016\/j.jad.2000.06.004 .","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"33_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.04.004","volume":"55","author":"SL Brown","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brown SL, Brown RM. Connecting prosocial behavior to improved physical health: Contributions from the neurobiology of parenting. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2015;55:1\u201317. doi: 10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.04.004 .","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"33_CR10","first-page":"153","volume":"164","author":"P Castilho","year":"2013","unstructured":"Castilho P, Pinto-Gouveia J, Duarte J. Exploring self-criticism: confirmatory factor analysis of the FSCRS in clinical and nonclinical samples. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2013;164:153\u201364. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cpp.1881 .","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Psychother"},{"key":"33_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.2014.33.5.399","volume":"33","author":"F Catarino","year":"2014","unstructured":"Catarino F, Gilbert P, McEwan K, Bai\u00e3o R. Compassion motivations: Distinguishing submissive compassion from genuine compassion and its association with shame, submissive behavior, depression, anxiety and stress. J Social Clin Psychol. 2014;33:399\u2013412. doi: 10.1521\/jscp.2014.33.5.399 .","journal-title":"J Social Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"33_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1207\/s15328007sem1203_7","volume":"12","author":"FF Chen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chen FF, Sousa KH, West SG. Testing measurement invariance of second-order factor models. Struct Equ Model Multidiscip J. 2005;12(3):471\u201392. doi: 10.1207\/s15328007sem1203_7 .","journal-title":"Struct Equ Model Multidiscip J"},{"issue":"2","key":"33_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM0902_5","volume":"9","author":"GW Cheung","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cheung GW, Rensvold RB. Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Struct Equ Model Multidiscip J. 2002;9(2):233\u201355. doi: 10.1207\/S15328007SEM0902_5 .","journal-title":"Struct Equ Model Multidiscip J"},{"key":"33_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315564296-9","volume-title":"Compassion: concepts, research and applications","author":"CC Conway","year":"2017","unstructured":"Conway CC, Slavich GM. Behavior genetics of prosocial behavior. In: Gilbert P, editor. Compassion: concepts, research and applications. London: Routledge; 2017. p. 151\u201370."},{"key":"33_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Costa J, Mar\u00f4co J, Pinto-Gouveia J, Ferreira C, & Castilho P. Validation of the psychometric properties of the Self-Compassion Scale. Testing the factorial validity and factorial invariance of the measure among borderline personality disorder, anxiety disorder, eating disorder and general populations. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2015. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1002\/cpp.1974","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.1974"},{"key":"33_CR16","volume-title":"The neuroscience of human relationships: Attachment and the developing brain","author":"L Cozolino","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cozolino L. The neuroscience of human relationships: Attachment and the developing brain. New York: Norton; 2007."},{"key":"33_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.95.3.555","volume":"95","author":"J Crocker","year":"2008","unstructured":"Crocker J, Canevello A. Creating and undermining social support in communal relationships: The role of compassionate and self-image goals. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2008;95:555\u201375.","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"33_CR18","first-page":"229","volume-title":"Advances in experimental social psychology","author":"J Crocker","year":"2012","unstructured":"Crocker J, Canevello A. Consequences of self-image and compassionate goals. In: Devine PG, Plant A, editors. Advances in experimental social psychology. New York: Elsevier; 2012. p. 229\u201377."},{"key":"33_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1037\/a0019400","volume":"98","author":"J Crocker","year":"2010","unstructured":"Crocker J, Canevello A, Breines JG, Flynn H. Interpersonal goals and change in anxiety and dysphoria in first-semester college students. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2010;98:1009\u201324.","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"33_CR20","unstructured":"Cutrona CE, Russell DW. The provisions of social relationships and adaptation to stress. Advances in personal relationships. 1987;1(1):37\u201367."},{"key":"33_CR21","unstructured":"Dalai Lama. The Power of Compassion. India: HarperCollins; 1995."},{"key":"33_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691614545130","volume":"9","author":"J Decety","year":"2014","unstructured":"Decety J, Cowell JM. Friends or foes: Is empathy necessary for moral behavior? Perspect Psychological Sci. 2014;9:525\u201337. doi: 10.1177\/1745691614545130 .","journal-title":"Perspect Psychological Sci"},{"key":"33_CR23","volume-title":"The social neuroscience of empathy","author":"J Decety","year":"2011","unstructured":"Decety J, Ickes W. The social neuroscience of empathy. Massachusetts: Bradford Press; 2011."},{"key":"33_CR24","volume-title":"Scale development: Theory and applications","author":"R DeVellis","year":"2003","unstructured":"DeVellis R. Scale development: Theory and applications. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications; 2003.","edition":"2"},{"key":"33_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511813757","volume-title":"Psychological testing: An introduction","author":"G Domino","year":"2006","unstructured":"Domino G, Domino ML. Psychological testing: An introduction. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2006."},{"key":"33_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.04.024","volume":"165","author":"A Desrosiers","year":"2014","unstructured":"Desrosiers A, Vine V, Curtiss J, Klemanski DH. Observing nonreactively: A conditional process model linking mindfulness facets, cognitive emotion regulation strategies, and depression and anxiety symptom. J Affect Disord. 2014;165:32\u20137. doi: 10.1016\/j.jad.2014.04.024 .","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"33_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091221","volume":"1","author":"JE Dutton","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dutton JE, Workman KM, Hardin AE. Compassion at work. Annu Rev Organizational Psychol Organizational Behav. 2014;1:277\u2013304. doi: 10.1146\/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091221 .","journal-title":"Annu Rev Organizational Psychol Organizational Behav"},{"key":"33_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1037\/a0038137","volume":"51","author":"N Eisenberg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Eisenberg N, VanSchyndel SK, Hofer C. The association of maternal socialization in childhood and adolescence with adult offsprings\u2019 sympathy\/caring. Dev Psychol. 2015;51:7\u201316. doi: 10.1037\/a0038137 .","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"key":"33_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Falconer CJ, King JA, & Brewin CR. Demonstrating mood repair with a situation-based measure of self-compassion and self-criticism. Psychol Psychother. 2015. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1111\/papt.12056 .","DOI":"10.1111\/papt.12056"},{"key":"33_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1080\/14639947.2011.564831","volume":"12","author":"C Feldman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Feldman C, Kuyken W. Compassion in the landscape of suffering. Contemporary Buddhism. 2011;12:143\u201355. doi: 10.1080\/14639947.2011.564831 .","journal-title":"Contemporary Buddhism"},{"key":"33_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13684","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1305419110","volume":"110","author":"BL Fredrickson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fredrickson BL, Grewen KM, Coffey KA, Algoe SB, Firestine AM, Arevalo JMG, Ma J, Cole SW. A functional genomic perspective on human well-being. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2013;110:13684\u20139. doi: 10.1073\/pnas.1305419110 .","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"33_CR32","unstructured":"Freud S. Mourning and Melancholia. In: Completed Psychological Works, Vol. 14. (standard ed.). Translated and edited by J. Strachey. London: Hogarth Press; 1917."},{"key":"33_CR33","volume-title":"The Christians","author":"B Gascoigne","year":"1977","unstructured":"Gascoigne B. The Christians. London: Jonathan Cape; 1977."},{"issue":"4","key":"33_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.154.4.478","volume":"154","author":"LK George","year":"1989","unstructured":"George LK, Blazer DG, Hughes DC, Fowler N. Social support and the outcome of major depression. Br J Psychiatry. 1989;154(4):478\u201385.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"33_CR35","volume-title":"Wisdom and compassion in psychotherapy","author":"CK Germer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Germer CK, Siegel RD. Wisdom and compassion in psychotherapy. New York: Guilford; 2012."},{"key":"33_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilbert P. Human Nature and Suffering. London: Routledge; 1989\/2016.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315564258"},{"key":"33_CR37","first-page":"118","volume-title":"Genes on the couch: explorations in evolutionary psychotherapy","author":"P Gilbert","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gilbert P. Social mentalities: Internal \u2018social\u2019 conflicts and the role of inner warmth and compassion in cognitive therapy. In: Gilbert P, Bailey KG, editors. Genes on the couch: explorations in evolutionary psychotherapy. Hove: Psychology Press; 2000. p. 118\u201350."},{"key":"33_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203003459","volume-title":"Compassion: Conceptualisations, research and use in psychotherapy","author":"P Gilbert","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gilbert P. Compassion and cruelty: A biopsychosocial approach. In: Gilbert P, editor. Compassion: Conceptualisations, research and use in psychotherapy. London: Routledge; 2005. p. 3\u201374."},{"key":"33_CR39","volume-title":"The compassionate mind: A new approach to the challenge of life","author":"P Gilbert","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gilbert P. The compassionate mind: A new approach to the challenge of life. London: Constable & Robinson; 2009."},{"key":"33_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203851197","volume-title":"Compassion focused therapy: The CBT distinctive features series","author":"P Gilbert","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gilbert P. Compassion focused therapy: The CBT distinctive features series. London: Routledge; 2010."},{"key":"33_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/bjc.12043","volume":"53","author":"P Gilbert","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gilbert P. The origins and nature of compassion focused therapy. Br J Clin Psychol. 2014;53:6\u201341. doi: 10.1111\/bjc.12043 .","journal-title":"Br J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"33_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1111\/spc3.12176","volume":"9","author":"P Gilbert","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gilbert P. The evolution and social dynamics of compassion. J Social Personality Psychol Compass. 2015;9:239\u201354. doi: 10.1111\/spc3.12176 .","journal-title":"J Social Personality Psychol Compass"},{"key":"33_CR43","unstructured":"Gilbert P. Affiliative and prosocial motives and emotions in mental health. Dialogues Psychiatry. 2016;17(4):381\u20139."},{"key":"33_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilbert P. Compassion: Definitions and controversies. In: Gilbert P. (Ed). Compassion: Concepts, Research and Applications. (p. 3-15). London: Routledge; 2017a.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315564296-1"},{"key":"33_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilbert P. Compassion as a social mentality. In: Gilbert P. (Ed). Compassion: Concepts, Research and Applications. (p. 31-68). London: Routledge; 2017b.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315564296-3"},{"key":"33_CR46","volume-title":"Mindful compassion","author":"P Gilbert","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gilbert P, Choden. Mindful compassion. London: Constable & Robinson; 2013."},{"key":"33_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1348\/014466504772812959","volume":"43","author":"P Gilbert","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gilbert P, Clarke M, Kempel S, Miles JNV, Irons C. Criticizing and reassuring oneself: An exploration of forms style and reasons in female students. Br J Clin Psychol. 2004;43:31\u201350. doi: 10.1348\/014466504772812959 .","journal-title":"Br J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"33_CR48","unstructured":"Gilbert P, & Mascaro J. Compassion: Fears, blocks, and resistances: An evolutionary investigation. In: Sappla E, & Doty J. (eds) Handbook of Compassion. New York: Oxford University Press; in press."},{"key":"33_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.4172\/2167-1044.S2-003","volume":"10","author":"P Gilbert","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gilbert P, McEwan K, Catarino F, Bai\u00e3o R. Fears of compassion in a depressed population: Implications for psychotherapy. J Depression Anxiety. 2014;10:2167\u20131044. doi: 10.4172\/2167-1044.S2-003 .","journal-title":"J Depression Anxiety"},{"key":"33_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.4172\/2167-1044.S2-004","volume":"10","author":"P Gilbert","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gilbert P, McEwan K, Catarino F, Bai\u00e3o R. Fears of negative emotions in relation to fears of happiness, compassion, alexithymia and psychopathology in a depressed population: A preliminary study. J Depression Anxiety. 2014;10:2167\u20131044. doi: 10.4172\/2167-1044.S2-004 .","journal-title":"J Depression Anxiety"},{"key":"33_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1348\/147608310X526511","volume":"84","author":"P Gilbert","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gilbert P, McEwan K, Matos M, Rivis A. Fears of Compassion: Development of three self-report measures. Psychol Psychother Theory Res Pract. 2011;84:239\u201355. doi: 10.1348\/147608310X526511 .","journal-title":"Psychol Psychother Theory Res Pract"},{"key":"33_CR52","first-page":"121","volume-title":"Compassion: Conceptualisations, research and use in psychotherapy","author":"O Gillath","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gillath O, Shaver PR, Mikulincer M. An attachment-theoretical approach to compassion and altruism. In: Gilbert P, editor. Compassion: Conceptualisations, research and use in psychotherapy. London: Routledge; 2005. p. 121\u201347."},{"key":"33_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167212465320","volume":"39","author":"D Gilin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gilin D, Maddux W,W, Carpenter J, Galinsky AD. When to use your head and when to use your heart: The differential value of perspective-taking versus empathy in competitive interactions. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2013;39:3\u201316.","journal-title":"Pers Soc Psychol Bull"},{"key":"33_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018807","volume":"136","author":"JE Goetz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Goetz JE, Keltner D, Simon-Thomas E. Compassion: An evolutionary analysis and empirical review. Psychol Bull. 2010;136:351\u201374. doi: 10.1037\/a0018807 .","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"5","key":"33_CR55","first-page":"35","volume":"4","author":"C Guidances","year":"2007","unstructured":"Guidances C, Watch T. Social support and resilience to stress: from neurobiology to clinical practice. Psychiatry. 2007;4(5):35\u201340.","journal-title":"Psychiatry"},{"key":"33_CR56","volume-title":"An introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis","author":"AF Hayes","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hayes AF. An introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis. New York: The Guilford Press; 2013."},{"key":"33_CR57","first-page":"382","volume":"2","author":"RM Hirschfeld","year":"1983","unstructured":"Hirschfeld RM, Cross CK. Personality, life events, and social factors in depression. Psychiatry Update. 1983;2:382\u2013406.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Update"},{"key":"33_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hermanto N, & Zuroff DC. The social mentality theory of self-compassion and self-reassurance: The interactive effect of care-seeking and caregiving. J Social Psychol. 2016 (advanced on line doi: 10.1080\/00224545.2015.1135779 .","DOI":"10.1080\/00224545.2015.1135779"},{"key":"33_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2016.04.055","volume":"98","author":"N Hermanto","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hermanto N, Zuroff DC, Kopala-Sibley DC, Kelly AC, Matos M, Gilbert P. Ability to receive compassion from others buffers the depressogenic effect of self-criticism: A cross-cultural multi-study analysis. Personal Individ Differ. 2016;98:324\u201332. doi: 10.1016\/j.paid.2016.04.055 .","journal-title":"Personal Individ Differ"},{"key":"33_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01273","volume":"6","author":"A Hoffart","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hoffart A, \u00d8ktedalen T, Langkaas TF. Self-compassion influences PTSD symptoms in the process of change in trauma-focused cognitive- behavioral therapies: a study of within-person processes. Front Psychol. 2015;6:1273. doi: 10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01273 .","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"33_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2011.07.003","volume":"13","author":"SG Hoffmann","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hoffmann SG, Grossman P, Hinton DE. Loving-kindness and compassion meditation: Potential for psychological intervention. Clin Psychol Rev. 2011;13:1126\u201332. doi: 10.1016\/j.cpr.2011.07.003 .","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"33_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1348\/014466505X68230","volume":"45","author":"C Irons","year":"2006","unstructured":"Irons C, Gilbert P, Baldwin MW, Baccus J, Palmer M. Parental recall, attachment relating and self attacking\/self-reassurance: Their relationship with depression. Br J Clin Psychol. 2006;45:297\u2013308. doi: 10.1348\/014466505X68230 .","journal-title":"Br J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"33_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1007\/s10902-012-9373-z","volume":"14","author":"H Jazaieri","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jazaieri H, Jinpa GT, McGonigal K, Rosenberg E, Finkelstein J, Simon-Thomas E, Goldin PR. Enhancing compassion: A randomized controlled trial of a compassion cultivation training program. J Happiness Stud. 2013;14:1113\u201326. doi: 10.1007\/s10902-012-9373-z .","journal-title":"J Happiness Stud"},{"key":"33_CR64","volume-title":"A fearless heart. Why compassion is the key to greater well-being","author":"T Jinpa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jinpa T. A fearless heart. Why compassion is the key to greater well-being. London: Little Brown; 2015."},{"key":"33_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032355","volume":"23","author":"D Kannan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kannan D, Levitt H,M. A review of client self-criticism in psychotherapy. J Psychother Integration. 2013;23:166\u201378.","journal-title":"J Psychother Integration"},{"key":"33_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010213-115054","volume":"65","author":"D Keltner","year":"2014","unstructured":"Keltner D, Kogan A, Piff PK, Saturn SR. The sociocultural appraisals, values, and emotions (SAVE) framework of prosociality: Core processes from gene to meme. Annu Rev Psychol. 2014;65:425\u201360. doi: 10.1146\/annurev-psych-010213-115054 .","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"33_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kirby JN. Compassion interventions: The programs, the evidence, and implications for research and practice. Psychol Psychother. 2016, in press.","DOI":"10.1111\/papt.12104"},{"key":"33_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2017.00040","volume":"5","author":"J Kirby","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kirby J, Doty J, Petrocchi N, Gilbert P. The current and future role of heart rate variability for assessing and training compassion. Front Public Health. 2017;5:40. doi: 10.3389\/fpubh.2017.00040 .","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"33_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315564296-15","volume-title":"Compassion: concepts, research and applications","author":"J Kirby","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kirby J, Gilbert P. The emergence of the compassion focused therapies. In: Gilbert P, editor. Compassion: concepts, research and applications. London: Routledge; 2017. p. 258\u201385."},{"key":"33_CR70","unstructured":"Kirkpatrick LA. Attachment, evolution, and the psychology of religion. New York: Guilford Press; 2005."},{"key":"33_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nst060","volume":"9","author":"OM Klimecki","year":"2014","unstructured":"Klimecki OM, Leiberg S, Ricard M, Singer T. Differential pattern of functional brain plasticity after compassion and empathy training. Social Cognitive Affective Neurosci. 2014;9:873\u20139. doi: 10.1093\/scan\/nst060 .","journal-title":"Social Cognitive Affective Neurosci"},{"key":"33_CR72","volume-title":"Principles and practice of structural equation modeling","author":"RB Kline","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kline RB. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. 2nd ed. New York: The Guilford Press; 2005.","edition":"2"},{"key":"33_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037509","volume":"107","author":"A Kogan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kogan A, Oveis C, Carr EW, Gruber J, Mauss IB, Shallcross A, Keltner D. Vagal activity is quadratically related to prosocial traits, prosocial emotions, and observer perceptions of prosociality. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2014;107:1051\u201363. doi: 10.1037\/a0037509 .","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"10","key":"33_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0136598","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136598","volume":"10","author":"A K\u00f6rner","year":"2015","unstructured":"K\u00f6rner A, Coroiu A, Copeland L, Gomez- Garibello C, Albani C, Zenger M, Br\u00e4hler E. The role of self-compassion in buffering symptoms of depression in the general population. PLoS One. 2015;10(10):e0136598. doi: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0136598 .","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"33_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8260.2012.02042.x","volume":"52","author":"N Kupeli","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kupeli N, Chilcot J, Schmidt UK, Campbell IC, Troop NA. A confirmatory factor analysis and validation of the forms of self-criticism\/reassurance scale. Br J Clin Psychol. 2013;52:12\u201325. doi: 10.1111\/j.2044-8260.2012.02042.x .","journal-title":"Br J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"33_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lamers SMA, Westerhof GJ, Glas CAW, & Bohlmeijer ET. The bidirectional relation between positive mental health and psychopathology in a longitudinal representative panel study. J Positive Psychol. 2015;1\u20138. doi: 10.1080\/17439760.2015.1015156 .","DOI":"10.1080\/17439760.2015.1015156"},{"key":"33_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291714002141","volume":"45","author":"J Leaviss","year":"2015","unstructured":"Leaviss J, Uttley L. Psychotherapeutic benefits of compassion-focused therapy: An early systematic review. Psychol Med. 2015;45:927\u201345. doi: 10.1017\/S0033291714002141 .","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"33_CR78","volume-title":"The DBT skills training book","author":"M,M Linehan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Linehan M,M. The DBT skills training book. New York: Guilford Press; 2014."},{"key":"33_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1037\/1089-2680.11.2.112","volume":"11","author":"G Loewenstein","year":"2007","unstructured":"Loewenstein G, Small DA. The scarecrow and the tin man: The vicissitudes of human sympathy and caring. Rev Gen Psychol. 2007;11:112\u201326. doi: 10.1037\/1089-2680.11.2.112 .","journal-title":"Rev Gen Psychol"},{"key":"33_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.09.019","volume":"49","author":"O Longe","year":"2010","unstructured":"Longe O, Maratos FA, Gilbert P, Evans G, Volker F, Rockliffe H, Rippon G. Having a word with yourself: Neural correlates of self-criticism and self-reassurance. Neuroimage. 2010;49:1849\u201356. doi: 10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.09.019 .","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"7","key":"33_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0132940","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132940","volume":"10","author":"A L\u00f3pez","year":"2015","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez A, Sanderman R, Smink A, Zhang Y, van Sonderen E, Ranchor A, Schroevers MJ. A reconsideration of the self-compassion scale\u2019s total score: Self-compassion versus Self-criticism. PLoS One. 2015;10(7):e0132940. doi: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0132940 .","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"33_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(94)00075-U","volume":"33","author":"PF Lovibond","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lovibond PF, Lovibond SH. The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behav Res Ther. 1995;33:335\u201343. doi: 10.1016\/0005-7967(94)00075-U .","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"33_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2012.06.003","volume":"32","author":"A MacBeth","year":"2012","unstructured":"MacBeth A, Gumley A. Exploring compassion: A metaanalysisof the association between self-compassion and psychopathology. Clin Psychol Rev. 2012;32:545\u201352.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"33_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.58.110405.085542","volume":"58","author":"DP MacKinnon","year":"2007","unstructured":"MacKinnon DP, Fairchild AJ, Fritz MS. Mediation analysis. Annu Rev Psychol. 2007;58:593\u2013614. doi: 10.1146\/annurev.psych.58.110405.085542 .","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"33_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mayseless O. The caring motivation: An integrated theory. Oxford University Press; 2015.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199913619.001.0001"},{"key":"33_CR86","volume-title":"Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change","author":"M Mikulincer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mikulincer M, Shaver PR. Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change. 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press; 2016.","edition":"2"},{"key":"33_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315564296-11","volume-title":"Compassion: concepts, research and applications","author":"M Mikulincer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mikulincer M, Shaver PR. An attachment perspective on compassion and altruism. In: Gilbert P, editor. Compassion: concepts, research and applications. London: Routledge; 2017. p. 187\u2013202."},{"key":"33_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.537","volume":"14","author":"A Mills","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mills A, Gilbert P, Bellew R, McEwan K, Gale C. Paranoid beliefs and self-criticism in students. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2007;14:358\u201364. doi: 10.1002\/cpp.537 .","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Psychother"},{"key":"33_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412995627.d38","volume-title":"Best practices in quantitative methods","author":"RO Mueller","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mueller RO, Hancock GR. Best practices in structural equation modeling. In: Osborne J, editor. Best practices in quantitative methods. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc.; 2008. p. 488\u2013508."},{"key":"33_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Muris P, & Petrocchi N. Protection or Vulnerability? A Meta-Analysis of the relations between the positive and Negative Components of Self-Compassion and Psychopathology. Clin Psychol Psychother (advanced on line). 2016. doi: 10.1002\/cpp.2005","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.2005"},{"key":"33_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315564296-10","volume-title":"Compassion: concepts, research and applications","author":"D Narvaez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Narvaez D. Evolution, child raising and compassionate morality. In: Gilbert P, editor. Compassion: concepts, research and applications. London: Routledge; 2017. p. 173\u201386."},{"key":"33_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Neff KD. Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self Identity. 2003a;2:85\u2013102.","DOI":"10.1080\/15298860309032"},{"key":"33_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Neff KD. Development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self Identity. 2003b;2:223\u2013250.","DOI":"10.1080\/15298860309027"},{"key":"33_CR94","volume-title":"Self-compassion","author":"KD Neff","year":"2011","unstructured":"Neff KD. Self-compassion. New York: Morrow; 2011."},{"key":"33_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Neff KD. The self-compassion scale is a valid and theoretically coherent measure of self-compassion. Mindfulness. 2015. Advanced online publication. doi: 10.1007\/s12671-015-0479-3 .","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-015-0479-3"},{"key":"33_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.21923","volume":"69","author":"KD Neff","year":"2013","unstructured":"Neff KD, Germer CK. A pilot study and randomized controlled trial of the mindful self-compassion program. J Clin Psychol. 2013;69:28\u201344. doi: 10.1002\/jclp.21923 .","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"33_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2006.03.004","volume":"41","author":"KD Neff","year":"2007","unstructured":"Neff KD, Kirkpatrick K, Rude SS. Self-compassion and its link to adaptive psychological functioning. J Res Personality. 2007;41:139\u201354.","journal-title":"J Res Personality"},{"key":"33_CR98","unstructured":"Neff KD, Whittakar T, & Karl A. Evaluating the factor structure of the Self-Compassion Scale in four distinct populations: Is the use of a total self-compassion score justified? J Personality Assess. in press"},{"key":"33_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2006.08.002","volume":"36","author":"J Panksepp","year":"2013","unstructured":"Panksepp J, Panksepp JB. Toward a cross-species understanding of empathy. Trends Neurosci. 2013;36:489\u201396. doi: 10.1016\/j.jrp.2006.08.002 .","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"33_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.56.091103.070141","volume":"56","author":"LA Penner","year":"2005","unstructured":"Penner LA, Dovidio JF, Piliavin JA, Schroeder DA. Prosocial behavior: Multilevel perspectives. Annu Rev Psychol. 2005;56:1\u201328. doi: 10.1146\/annurev.psych.56.091103.070141 .","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"33_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3109\/09638237.2013.841869","volume":"23","author":"N Petrocchi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Petrocchi N, Ottaviani C, Couyoumdjian A. Dimensionality of self-compassion: translation and construct validation of the self-compassion scale in an Italian sample. J Ment Health. 2013;23:72\u20137. doi: 10.3109\/09638237.2013.841869 . PMID: 24328923.","journal-title":"J Ment Health"},{"key":"33_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.1838","volume":"21","author":"J Pinto-Gouveia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pinto-Gouveia J, Duarte C, Matos M, Fr\u00e1guas S. The protective role of self-compassion in relation to psychopathology symptoms and quality of life in chronic and in cancer patients. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2014;21:311\u201323. doi: 10.1002\/cpp.1838 .","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Psychother"},{"key":"33_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031755","volume":"139","author":"SD Preston","year":"2013","unstructured":"Preston SD. The origins of altruism in offspring care. Psychol Bull. 2013;139:1305\u201341.","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"33_CR104","volume-title":"Altruism. The power of compassion to change itself and the world","author":"M Ricard","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ricard M. Altruism. The power of compassion to change itself and the world. London: Atlantic Books; 2015."},{"key":"33_CR105","first-page":"132","volume":"5","author":"H Rockliff","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rockliff H, Gilbert P, McEwan K, Lightman S, Glover D. A pilot exploration of heart rate variability and salivary cortisol responses to compassion-focused imagery. J Clin Neuropsychiatry. 2008;5:132\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"33_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn279","volume":"132","author":"SG Shamay-Tsoory","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shamay-Tsoory SG, Aharon-Peretz J, Perry D. Two systems for empathy: a double dissociation between emotional and cognitive empathy in inferior frontal gyrus versus ventromedial prefrontal lesions. Brain. 2009;132:617\u201327.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"33_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsr045","volume":"7","author":"ER Simon-Thomas","year":"2011","unstructured":"Simon-Thomas ER, Godzik J, Castle E, Antonenko O, Ponz A, Kogan A, Keltner DJ. An fMRI study of caring vs self-focus during induced compassion and pride. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2011;7:635\u201348. doi: 10.1093\/scan\/nsr045 .","journal-title":"Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci"},{"key":"33_CR108","volume-title":"Compassion: Bridging practice and science","year":"2012","unstructured":"Singer T, Bolz M, editors. Compassion: Bridging practice and science. 2012. http:\/\/www.compassion-training.org\/ ."},{"issue":"3","key":"33_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702613478594","volume":"1","author":"GM Slavich","year":"2013","unstructured":"Slavich GM, Cole SW. The emerging field of human social genomics. Clin Psychological Sci. 2013;1(3):331\u201348. doi: 10.1177\/2167702613478594 .","journal-title":"Clin Psychological Sci"},{"key":"33_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407505056439","volume":"22","author":"S Sprecher","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sprecher S, Fehr B. Compassionate love for close others and humanity. J Social Personal Relat. 2005;22:629\u201352. doi: 10.1177\/0265407505056439 .","journal-title":"J Social Personal Relat"},{"key":"33_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.05.004","volume":"47","author":"C Strauss","year":"2016","unstructured":"Strauss C, Taylor BL, Gu J, Kuyken W, Baer R, Jones F, Cavanagh K. What is compassion and how can we measure it? A review of definitions and measures. Clin Psychol Rev. 2016;47:15\u201327.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"33_CR112","volume-title":"Using multivariate statistics","author":"B Tabachnick","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tabachnick B, Fidell L. Using multivariate statistics. 6th ed. Boston: Pearson; 2013.","edition":"6"},{"key":"33_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-5-63","volume":"5","author":"R Tennant","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tennant R, Hiller L, Fishwick R, Platt S, Joseph S, Weich S, Stewart-Brown S. The Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS): Development and UK validation. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2007;5:63. doi: 10.1186\/1477-7525-5-63 .","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"key":"33_CR114","unstructured":"Van der Kolk B. The body keeps the score: brain, mind, and body in the healing of trauma. London: Viking; 2014."},{"key":"33_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Waite F, Knight MTD, & Lee D. Self-compassion and self-criticism in recovery from psychosis: An interpretive phenomenological analysis. J Clin Psychol. 2015. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1002\/jclp.22211","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22211"},{"key":"33_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang X, Cai L, Qian J, & Peng J. Social support moderates stress effects on depression. Int J Mental Health Syst. 2014;8:41. (on line) doi: 10.1186\/1752-4458-8-41","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-4458-8-41"},{"key":"33_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.97.3.346","volume":"97","author":"D Watson","year":"1988","unstructured":"Watson D, Clark LA, Carey G. Positive and negative affectivity and their relation to anxiety and depressive disorders. J Abnorm Psychol. 1988;97:346\u201353. doi: 10.1037\/0021-843X.97.3.346 .","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"33_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-7358(99)00008-2","volume":"20","author":"AJ Wearden","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wearden AJ, Tarrier N, Barrowclough C, Zastowny TR, Rahill AA. A review of expressed emotion research in health care. Clin Psychol Rev. 2000;20(5):633\u201366.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"33_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2004.09.024","volume":"38","author":"WJ Whelton","year":"2005","unstructured":"Whelton WJ, Greenberg LS. Emotion in self-criticism. Personal Individ Differ. 2005;38:1583\u201395.","journal-title":"Personal Individ Differ"},{"key":"33_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035566","volume":"26","author":"MJ Williams","year":"2014","unstructured":"Williams MJ, Dalgleish T, Karl A, Kuyken W. Examining the factor structures of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire and the Self-Compassion Scale. Psychological Assess. 2014;26:407\u201318. doi: 10.1037\/a0035566 .","journal-title":"Psychological Assess"},{"key":"33_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037679","volume":"140","author":"J Zaki","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zaki J. Empathy: A motivated account. Psychol Bull. 2014;140:1608\u201347. doi: 10.1037\/a0037679 .","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"}],"container-title":["Journal of Compassionate Health Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40639-017-0033-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,6]],"date-time":"2020-10-06T11:16:50Z","timestamp":1601983010000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/jcompassionatehc.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40639-017-0033-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,27]]},"references-count":121,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["33"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40639-017-0033-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2053-2393"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2053-2393","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,27]]},"article-number":"4"}}