{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T08:45:01Z","timestamp":1774946701148,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691971200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009010","name":"Novartis Pharmaceuticals UK Limited","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009010","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eye and Vis"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a multifactorial degenerative disease of the macula. Different factors, environmental, genetic and lifestyle, contribute to its onset and progression. However, how they interconnect to promote the disease, or its progression, is still unclear. With this work, we aim to assess the interaction of the genetic risk for AMD and the adherence to the Mediterranean diet in the Coimbra Eye Study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Enrolled subjects (n\u2009=\u2009612) underwent ophthalmological exams and answered a food questionnaire. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was assessed with mediSCORE. An overall value was calculated for each participant, ranging from 0 to 9, using the sum of 9 food groups, and a cut off value of \u2265\u20096 was considered high adherence. Rotterdam Classification was used for grading. Participants\u2019 genotyping was performed in collaboration with The European Eye Epidemiology Consortium. The genetic risk score (GRS) was calculated for each participant considering the number of alleles at each variant and their effect size. Interaction was assessed with additive and multiplicative models, adjusted for age, sex, physical exercise, and smoking.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The AMD risk was reduced by 60% in subjects with high adherence to the Mediterranean diet compared to subjects with low adherence to the Mediterranean diet. Combined effects of having low adherence to the Mediterranean diet and high GRS led to almost a 5-fold increase in the risk for AMD, compared to low GRS and high adherence to the Mediterranean diet. The multiplicative scale suggested a multiplicative interaction, although not statistically significant [odds ratio (OR)\u2009=\u20091.111, 95% CI 0.346\u20133.569,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.859]. The additive model showed a causal positive effect of the interaction of GRS and adherence to the Mediterranean diet: relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI)\u2009=\u2009150.9%, (95% CI: \u2212\u20090.414 to 3.432,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.062), attributable proportion due to interaction (AP)\u2009=\u20090.326 (95% CI: \u2212\u20090.074 to 0.726,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.055) and synergy index (SI)\u2009=\u20091.713 (95% CI: 0.098\u20133.329,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.019). High GRS people benefited from adhering to the Mediterranean diet with a 60%\u00a0risk reduction. For low-GRS subjects, a risk reduction was also seen, but not significantly.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Genetics and Mediterranean diet interact to protect against AMD, proving there is an interplay between genetics and environmental factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title><jats:p>The AMD Incidence (NCT02748824) and Lifestyle and Food Habits Questionnaire in the Portuguese Population Aged 55 or More (NCT01715870) studies are registered at<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.clinicaltrials.gov\">www.clinicaltrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>.\u00a0Five-year Incidence of Age-related Macular Degeneration in the Central Region of Portugal (AMD IncidencePT); NCT02748824: date of registration: 22\/04\/16.\u00a0Lifestyle and Food Habits Questionnaire in the Portuguese Population Aged 55 or More; NCT01715870: date of registration: 29\/10\/12.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-023-00355-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T07:02:20Z","timestamp":1691996540000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Interaction between genetics and the adherence to the Mediterranean diet: the risk for age-related macular degeneration. Coimbra Eye Study Report 8"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct02748824","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct01715870","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3375-551X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Barreto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Farinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Coimbra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maria Luz","family":"Cachulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Joana Barbosa","family":"Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yara","family":"Lechanteur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Carel B.","family":"Hoyng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Cunha-Vaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rufino","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"355_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.05.035","volume":"124","author":"JM Colijn","year":"2017","unstructured":"Colijn JM, Buitendijk GHS, Prokofyeva E, Alves D, Cachulo ML, Khawaja AP, et al. Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in Europe: the past and the future. Ophthalmology. 2017;124(12):1753\u201363.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"2","key":"355_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e106","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70145-1","volume":"2","author":"WL Wong","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wong WL, Su X, Li X, Cheung CM, Klein R, Cheng CY, et al. Global prevalence of age-related macular degeneration and disease burden projection for 2020 and 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2014;2(2):e106\u201316.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"355_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2016.04.003","volume":"54","author":"NG Lambert","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lambert NG, ElShelmani H, Singh MK, Mansergh FC, Wride MA, Padilla M, et al. Risk factors and biomarkers of age-related macular degeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2016;54:64\u2013102.","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"355_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2415-10-31","volume":"10","author":"U Chakravarthy","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chakravarthy U, Wong TY, Fletcher A, Piault E, Evans C, Zlateva G, et al. Clinical risk factors for age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Ophthalmol. 2010;10:31.","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"8","key":"355_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e926","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13775","volume":"96","author":"M Raimundo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Raimundo M, Mira F, Cachulo MDL, Barreto P, Ribeiro L, Farinha C, et al. Adherence to a Mediterranean diet, lifestyle and age-related macular degeneration: the Coimbra Eye Study\u2014Report 3. Acta Ophthalmol. 2018;96(8):e926-32.","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"355_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2017.12.010","volume":"51\u201352","author":"S Nunes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nunes S, Alves D, Barreto P, Raimundo M, da Luz Cachulo M, Farinha C, et al. Adherence to a Mediterranean diet and its association with age-related macular degeneration. The Coimbra Eye Study\u2014Report 4. Nutrition. 2018;51\u201352:6\u201312.","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"issue":"5","key":"355_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.111047","volume":"102","author":"BM Merle","year":"2015","unstructured":"Merle BM, Silver RE, Rosner B, Seddon JM. Adherence to a Mediterranean diet, genetic susceptibility, and progression to advanced macular degeneration: a prospective cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;102(5):1196\u2013206.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"11","key":"355_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.04.030","volume":"127","author":"TD Keenan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Keenan TD, Agr\u00f3n E, Mares J, Clemons TE, van Asten F, Swaroop A, et al. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet and progression to late age-related macular degeneration in the Age-Related Eye Disease Studies 1 and 2. Ophthalmology. 2020;127(11):1515\u201328.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"3","key":"355_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.08.006","volume":"126","author":"BMJ Merle","year":"2019","unstructured":"Merle BMJ, Colijn JM, Cougnard-Gr\u00e9goire A, de Koning-Backus APM, Delyfer MN, Kiefte-de Jong JC, et al. Mediterranean diet and incidence of advanced age-related macular degeneration: the EYE-RISK Consortium. Ophthalmology. 2019;126(3):381\u201390.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"1","key":"355_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.09.019","volume":"124","author":"RE Hogg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hogg RE, Woodside JV, McGrath A, Young IS, Vioque JL, Chakravarthy U, et al. Mediterranean diet score and its association with age-related macular degeneration: the European Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 2017;124(1):82\u20139.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"3","key":"355_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1159\/000441795","volume":"55","author":"S Piermarocchi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Piermarocchi S, Tognetto D, Piermarocchi R, Masetto M, Monterosso G, Segato T, et al. Risk factors and age-related macular degeneration in a Mediterranean-basin population: the PAMDI (Prevalence of Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Italy) Study\u2014Report 2. Ophthalmic Res. 2016;55(3):111\u20138.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"355_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13333","volume":"290","author":"M Guasch-Ferr\u00e9","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guasch-Ferr\u00e9 M, Willett WC. The Mediterranean diet and health: a comprehensive overview. J Intern Med. 2021;290(3):549\u201366.","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"355_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2623","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082623","volume":"13","author":"C Tang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tang C, Wang X, Qin LQ, Dong JY. Mediterranean diet and mortality in people with cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Nutrients. 2021;13(8):2623.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"6","key":"355_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12077","volume":"16","author":"TD Keenan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Keenan TD, Agr\u00f3n E, Mares JA, Clemons TE, van Asten F, Swaroop A, et al. Adherence to a Mediterranean diet and cognitive function in the Age-Related Eye Disease Studies 1 & 2. Alzheimers Dement. 2020;16(6):831\u201342.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"9","key":"355_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11092059","volume":"11","author":"MC Mentella","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mentella MC, Scaldaferri F, Ricci C, Gasbarrini A, Miggiano GAD. Cancer and Mediterranean diet: a review. Nutrients. 2019;11(9):2059.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"3","key":"355_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-020-02346-6","volume":"60","author":"J Morze","year":"2021","unstructured":"Morze J, Danielewicz A, Przyby\u0142owicz K, Zeng H, Hoffmann G, Schwingshackl L. An updated systematic review and meta-analysis on adherence to Mediterranean diet and risk of cancer. Eur J Nutr. 2021;60(3):1561\u201386.","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"issue":"6 Suppl","key":"355_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1402S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/61.6.1402S","volume":"61","author":"WC Willett","year":"1995","unstructured":"Willett WC, Sacks F, Trichopoulou A, Drescher G, Ferro-Luzzi A, Helsing E, et al. Mediterranean diet pyramid: a cultural model for healthy eating. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995;61(6 Suppl):1402S-6S.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"355_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-022-05858-5","volume":"261","author":"R Serra","year":"2023","unstructured":"Serra R, Rallo V, Pinna A, Steri M, Piras MG, Marongiu M, et al. Polygenic risk score and biochemical\/environmental variables predict a low-risk profile of age-related macular degeneration in Sardinia. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2023;261(3):691\u20138.","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"355_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3448","volume":"48","author":"LG Fritsche","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fritsche LG, Igl W, Bailey JN, Grassmann F, Sengupta S, Bragg-Gresham JL, et al. A large genome-wide association study of age-related macular degeneration highlights contributions of rare and common variants. Nat Genet. 2016;48(2):134\u201343.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"4","key":"355_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2578","volume":"45","author":"LG Fritsche","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fritsche LG, Chen W, Schu M, Yaspan BL, Yu Y, Thorleifsson G, et al. Seven new loci associated with age-related macular degeneration. Nat Genet. 2013;45(4):433\u20139.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"355_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2016.11.016","volume":"84","author":"MJ Geerlings","year":"2017","unstructured":"Geerlings MJ, de Jong EK, den Hollander AI. The complement system in age-related macular degeneration: a review of rare genetic variants and implications for personalized treatment. Mol Immunol. 2017;84:65\u201376.","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"355_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1159\/000371584","volume":"233","author":"L Cachulo Mda","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cachulo Mda L, Lobo C, Figueira J, Ribeiro L, La\u00edns I, Vieira A, et al. Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in Portugal: the Coimbra Eye Study\u2014Report 1. Ophthalmologica. 2015;233(3\u20134):119\u201327.","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"issue":"6","key":"355_CR23","first-page":"e442","volume":"94","author":"L Cachulo Mda","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cachulo Mda L, La\u00edns I, Lobo C, Figueira J, Ribeiro L, Marques JP, et al. Age-related macular degeneration in Portugal: prevalence and risk factors in a coastal and an inland town. The Coimbra Eye Study\u2014Report 2. Acta Ophthalmol. 2016;94(6):e442-53.","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"355_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1159\/000496393","volume":"61","author":"CVL Farinha","year":"2019","unstructured":"Farinha CVL, Cachulo ML, Alves D, Pires I, Marques JP, Barreto P, et al. Incidence of age-related macular degeneration in the central region of Portugal: the Coimbra Eye Study\u2014Report 5. Ophthalmic Res. 2019;61(4):226\u201335.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res"},{"key":"355_CR25","unstructured":"Lopes C. Reprodutibilidade e valida\u00e7\u00e3o de um question\u00e1rio semi-quantitativo de frequ\u00eancia alimentar. In: Alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o e enfarte agudo do mioc\u00e1rdio: estudo caso controlo de base comunit\u00e1ria. [Porto]: University of Porto; 2000. Available at https:\/\/repositorio-aberto.up.pt\/bitstream\/10216\/9938\/2\/2734_TD_01_C.pdf. Accessed 24 Jul 2023."},{"issue":"26","key":"355_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2599","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa025039","volume":"348","author":"A Trichopoulou","year":"2003","unstructured":"Trichopoulou A, Costacou T, Bamia C, Trichopoulos D. Adherence to a Mediterranean diet and survival in a Greek population. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(26):2599\u2013608.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"7018","key":"355_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.311.7018.1457","volume":"311","author":"A Trichopoulou","year":"1995","unstructured":"Trichopoulou A, Kouris-Blazos A, Wahlqvist ML, Gnardellis C, Lagiou P, Polychronopoulos E, et al. Diet and overall survival in elderly people. BMJ. 1995;311(7018):1457\u201360.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"355_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(95)31034-2","volume":"102","author":"JR Vingerling","year":"1995","unstructured":"Vingerling JR, Dielemans I, Hofman A, Grobbee DE, Hijmering M, Kramer CF, et al. The prevalence of age-related maculopathy in the Rotterdam Study. Ophthalmology. 1995;102(2):205\u201310.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"10","key":"355_CR29","first-page":"2237","volume":"42","author":"CC Klaver","year":"2001","unstructured":"Klaver CC, Assink JJ, van Leeuwen R, Wolfs RC, Vingerling JR, Stijnen T, et al. Incidence and progression rates of age-related maculopathy: the Rotterdam Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001;42(10):2237\u201341.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"355_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.07.037","volume":"128","author":"A de Breuk","year":"2021","unstructured":"de Breuk A, Acar IE, Kersten E, Schijvenaars MMVAP, Colijn JM, Haer-Wigman L, et al. Development of a genotype assay for age-related macular degeneration: the EYE-RISK Consortium. Ophthalmology. 2021;128(11):1604\u201317.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"6","key":"355_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-011-9554-9","volume":"26","author":"MJ Knol","year":"2011","unstructured":"Knol MJ, VanderWeele TJ, Groenwold RHH, Klungel OH, Rovers MM, Grobbee DE. Estimating measures of interaction on an additive scale for preventive exposures. Eur J Epidemiol. 2011;26(6):433\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"355_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyr218","volume":"41","author":"MJ Knol","year":"2012","unstructured":"Knol MJ, VanderWeele TJ. Recommendations for presenting analyses of effect modification and interaction. Int J Epidemiol. 2012;41(2):514\u201320.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"355_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.11.024","volume":"128","author":"JM Colijn","year":"2021","unstructured":"Colijn JM, Meester-Smoor M, Verzijden T, de Breuk A, Silva R, Merle BMJ, et al. Genetic risk, lifestyle, and age-related macular degeneration in Europe: the EYE-RISK Consortium. Ophthalmology. 2021;128(7):1039\u201349.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"5","key":"355_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.5.17","volume":"61","author":"BMJ Merle","year":"2020","unstructured":"Merle BMJ, Rosner B, Seddon JM. Genetic susceptibility, diet quality, and two-step progression in drusen size. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2020;61(5):17.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"355_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.26528","volume":"88","author":"J Dai","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dai J, Jones DP, Goldberg J, Ziegler TR, Bostick RM, Wilson PW, et al. Association between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and oxidative stress. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88(5):1364\u201370.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"7","key":"355_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0160240","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0160240","volume":"11","author":"A Cougnard-Gr\u00e9goire","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cougnard-Gr\u00e9goire A, Merle BM, Rougier JF, Rougier MB, Delyfer MN, Le Goff M, et al. Olive oil consumption and age-related macular degeneration: the Alienor Study. PLoS One. 2016;11(7):e0160240.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"355_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2018.09.036","volume":"198","author":"APM de Koning-Backus","year":"2019","unstructured":"de Koning-Backus APM, Buitendijk GHS, Kiefte-de Jong JC, Colijn JM, Hofman A, Vingerling JR, et al. Intake of vegetables, fruit, and fish is beneficial for age-related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol. 2019;198:70\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"355_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26040985","volume":"26","author":"A Nani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nani A, Murtaza B, Khan AS, Khan NA, Hichami A. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of polyphenols contained in Mediterranean diet in obesity: molecular mechanisms. Molecules. 2021;26(4):985.","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"355_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101779","volume":"37","author":"Y Ozawa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ozawa Y. Oxidative stress in the light-exposed retina and its implication in age-related macular degeneration. Redox Biol. 2020;37:101779.","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"issue":"8","key":"355_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10081255","volume":"10","author":"DW Lem","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lem DW, Davey PG, Gierhart DL, Rosen RB. A systematic review of carotenoids in the management of age-related macular degeneration. Antioxid (Basel). 2021;10(8):1255.","journal-title":"Antioxid (Basel)"},{"key":"355_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.04.006","volume":"67","author":"EM van Leeuwen","year":"2018","unstructured":"van Leeuwen EM, Emri E, Merle BMJ, Colijn JM, Kersten E, Cougnard-Gregoire A, et al. A new perspective on lipid research in age-related macular degeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2018;67:56\u201386.","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"355_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.124.7.981","volume":"124","author":"B Chua","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chua B, Flood V, Rochtchina E, Wang JJ, Smith W, Mitchell P. Dietary fatty acids and the 5-year incidence of age-related maculopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 2006;124(7):981\u20136.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"355_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2022.1640","volume":"140","author":"EY Chew","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chew EY, Clemons TE, Agr\u00f3n E, Domalpally A, Keenan TDL, Vitale S, et al. Long-term outcomes of adding lutein\/zeaxanthin and \u03c9-3 fatty acids to the AREDS supplements on age-related macular degeneration progression: AREDS2 Report 28. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2022;140(7):692\u20138.","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"355_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665113000013","volume":"72","author":"MC Ock\u00e9","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ock\u00e9 MC. Evaluation of methodologies for assessing the overall diet: dietary quality scores and dietary pattern analysis. Proc Nutr Soc. 2013;72(2):191\u20139.","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"355_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2007.131706","volume":"92","author":"JS Tan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tan JS, Wang JJ, Liew G, Rochtchina E, Mitchell P. Age-related macular degeneration and mortality from cardiovascular disease or stroke. Br J Ophthalmol. 2008;92(4):509\u201312.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"355_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1076\/opep.6.2.125.1558","volume":"6","author":"KK Snow","year":"1999","unstructured":"Snow KK, Seddon JM. Do age-related macular degeneration and cardiovascular disease share common antecedents? Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 1999;6(2):125\u201343.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"355_CR47","first-page":"1777","volume":"103","author":"SS Rong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rong SS, Lee BY, Kuk AK, Yu XT, Li SS, Li J, et al. Comorbidity of dementia and age-related macular degeneration calls for clinical awareness: a meta-analysis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2019;103(12):1777\u201383.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"355_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2011.141","volume":"129","author":"L Ho","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ho L, van Leeuwen R, Witteman JCM, van Duijn CM, Uitterlinden AG, Hofman A, et al. Reducing the genetic risk of age-related macular degeneration with dietary antioxidants, zinc, and \u03c9-3 fatty acids: the Rotterdam Study. Arch Ophthalmol. 2011;129(6):758\u201366.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"355_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.10.020","volume":"120","author":"R Reynolds","year":"2013","unstructured":"Reynolds R, Rosner B, Seddon JM. Dietary omega-3 fatty acids, other fat intake, genetic susceptibility, and progression to incident geographic atrophy. Ophthalmology. 2013;120(5):1020\u20138.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"355_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2017.05.016","volume":"180","author":"MB McGuinness","year":"2017","unstructured":"McGuinness MB, Le J, Mitchell P, Gopinath B, Cerin E, Saksens NTM, et al. Physical activity and age-related macular degeneration: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2017;180:29\u201338.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"355_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2021.10.008","volume":"236","author":"MM Mauschitz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mauschitz MM, Schmitz MT, Verzijden T, Schmid M, Thee EF, Colijn JM, et al. Physical activity, incidence, and progression of age-related macular degeneration: a multicohort study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2022;236:99\u2013106.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"9","key":"355_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2580","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092580","volume":"12","author":"YJ Kwon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kwon YJ, Kim JO, Park JM, Choi JE, Park DH, Song Y, et al. Identification of genetic factors underlying the association between sodium intake habits and hypertension risk. Nutrients. 2020;12(9):2580.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"9","key":"355_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1038\/jhh.2016.5","volume":"30","author":"C Chu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chu C, Wang Y, Ren KY, Yan DY, Guo TS, Zheng WL, et al. Genetic variants in adiponectin and blood pressure responses to dietary sodium or potassium interventions: a family-based association study. J Hum Hypertens. 2016;30(9):563\u201370.","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"}],"container-title":["Eye and Vision"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40662-023-00355-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40662-023-00355-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40662-023-00355-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,26]],"date-time":"2024-10-26T03:35:18Z","timestamp":1729913718000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/eandv.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40662-023-00355-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["355"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40662-023-00355-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2326-0254"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2326-0254","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 January 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 July 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 August 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Patients signed the informed consent after explanation of study procedures and possible consequences. The studies obtained the Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI)\u2019s Ethics Committee approval. Five-year Incidence of Age-related Macular Degeneration in the Central Region of Portugal (AMD IncidencePT); NCT02748824, Number of the study in the Ethics Committee: CE219; Lifestyle and Food Habits Questionnaire in the Portuguese Population Aged 55 or More; NCT01715870, Number of the study in the Ethics Committee: CE 184.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The informed consent form signed by participants referred data would be used for publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"PB, RC, MLC declare they have no competing interests. CF is a consultant for Bayer and Novartis; YL is a recipient for Novartis and a consultant for Bayer; CBH is a consultant for Bayer, Novartis, Horus Pharma, Abbvie and Horama. He is also a co-founder of Astherna; JCV is a consultant for Carl Zeiss Meditec, Ciana Therapeutics, Alimera Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim, Allergan, Bayer, Gene Signal, Novartis, Pfizer, Oxular, Roche, Sanofi, Vifor Pharma and Adverum Biotechnologies; RS is a consultant for Alimera, Abbvie, Novartis, Bayer, Roche, Thea and Novo Nordisk.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"38"}}