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The current study aimed to assess whether texture analysis of computed optical coherence tomography (OCT) retinal images can identify (very) early retinal changes. We previously reported retinal texture changes in a type 1 diabetes animal model. This study extends this approach to a type 2 diabetes model exhibiting subtler, more gradually developing retinal alterations to further explore its potential for detecting texture changes when DR-related retinal alterations are minor, strengthening its promising value.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>OCT scans and electroretinograms were acquired at baseline and 4, 8, and 12\u00a0weeks after initiating the diabetes induction protocol. Automated OCT segmentation, retinal thickness computation, and texture analysis were performed. Blood-retinal barrier permeability, glial reactivity, neuroinflammation, and nitrosative stress were assessed.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Retinal texture was affected in the inner plexiform layer and inner\/outer photoreceptor segments. At weeks 8 and 12, autocorrelation, cluster prominence, correlation, homogeneity, information measure of correlation II, inverse difference moment normalised, inverse difference normalised, and sum average texture metrics significantly increased\/decreased. Importantly, seven of these metrics were also altered in our previous study with type 1 diabetic animals. Type 2 diabetic retinas presented subtle thinning and impaired function, along with a slight reduction in tight junction proteins immunoreactivity, without affecting the blood-retinal barrier.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The findings from this study indicate that texture analysis can identify subtle retinal changes during early, clinically silent stages of disease, when biological alterations remain minimal. This highlights its potential utility for the early diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy, though further clinical validation is needed.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-025-00451-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T02:55:22Z","timestamp":1756868122000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Early retinal changes in type 2 diabetes detected by texture-based OCT analysis: potential approach for subclinical diabetic retinopathy diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0423-7959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Guimar\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"\u00c2ngelo","family":"Roque-Rosado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Elisa Juli\u00e3o","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Serranho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Matafome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Bernardes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio Francisco","family":"Ambr\u00f3sio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"451_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s13167-023-00314-8","volume":"14","author":"M Kropp","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kropp M, Golubnitschaja O, Mazurakova A, Koklesova L, Sargheini N, Vo TKS, et al. 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The procedures were approved by the Animal Welfare Committee of the Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (ORBEA 02\/2021), and received further approval from the Dire\u00e7\u00e3o Geral de Alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o e Veterin\u00e1ria (DGAV\u2013approval no. 0421\/000\/000\/2021). Additionally, animal experimentation was conducted in accordance with the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO) Statement for the Use of Animals in Ophthalmic and Vision Research.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"36"}}