{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T03:06:20Z","timestamp":1767927980966,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]],"date-time":"2023-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680825600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]],"date-time":"2023-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ICEP"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>It is essential to develop and improve instruments that measure and assess children's attitudes towards the elderly. Despite the degree of questions related to this topic, no tools validated for the Portuguese population on the subject were found in the literature. Consequently, this study aimed to translate and validate a scale designed to assess children\u2019s attitudes towards the elderly (Todaro Scale) for the Portuguese population.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Design and methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The method recommended by the literature for psychometric validation and evaluation of instruments was followed. In the conception of the study, the following stages were followed: translation of the \u2018\u2018Todaro Scale\u2019\u2019, translation and back-translation by an independent translator, validation by an expert panel, pre-test and validation of the questionnaire, and testing the scale measurement properties. The convenience sample comprised 60 children between the ages of 4 and 6, of Portuguese nationality and residents of Portugal.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The results obtained in the reliability and validity tests reveal a good internal consistency. The 14 items of the scale, and after the use of principal component analysis, there were grouped into five dimensions: social participation, personality characteristics; Health and Safety, physical and instrumental; cognitive and social appreciation.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The psychometric study confirms that the \u2018\u2018Galv\u00e3o Scale: children\u2019s attitudes towards the elderly\u2019\u2019 includes the essential indicators and dimensions to ensure an adequate assessment of children\u2019s attitudes towards the elderly. Practice implications: we believe this research could become an indispensable contribution to analysing, monitoring, and intervening to demystify existing ageing stereotypes.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40723-023-00113-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]],"date-time":"2023-04-07T03:55:22Z","timestamp":1680839722000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Children's attitudes towards aging people-validation of an instrument"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7251-5829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla S\u00edlvia Neves da Nova","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2554-697X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6848-8186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Galv\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"113_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.18256\/2175-5027.2017.v9i1.1416","volume":"9","author":"A Brito","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brito, A., Camargo, B., & Castro, A. (2017). Representa\u00e7\u00f5es Sociais de Velhice e Boa Velhice entre Idosos e Sua Rede Social. Revista De Psicologia Da IMED, 9(1), 5\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18256\/2175-5027.2017.v9i1.1416","journal-title":"Revista De Psicologia Da IMED"},{"key":"113_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.2307\/3033890","volume":"47","author":"A Caspi","year":"1984","unstructured":"Caspi, A. (1984). Contact hypothesis and inter-age attitudes: A field study of cross-age contact. Soc. Psychol. q., 47, 74\u201380.","journal-title":"Soc. Psychol. q."},{"issue":"2\/3","key":"113_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1080\/03601277.2018.1433485","volume":"44","author":"MD Castro Rojas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Castro Rojas, M. D., Bygholm, A., & Hansen, T. G. (2018). Exercising older people\u2019s brains in costa rica: Design principles for using information and communication technologies for cognitive activity and social interaction. Educational Gerontology, 44(2\/3), 171\u2013185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03601277.2018.1433485","journal-title":"Educational Gerontology"},{"issue":"12","key":"113_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.18178\/ijiet.2019.9.12.1324","volume":"9","author":"MC Chao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chao, M. C. (2019). A study on the effects of children\u2019s attitude toward elders by intergenerational programs. International Journal of Information and Education Technology., 9(12), 898\u2013903. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18178\/ijiet.2019.9.12.1324","journal-title":"International Journal of Information and Education Technology."},{"issue":"9","key":"113_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.1017\/S0144686X18000405","volume":"39","author":"S Chung","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chung, S., & park, H. (2019). How young and older people differ in discriminatory behaviour towards older people? An explanation of the knowledge\u2013attitude\u2013behaviour continuum model. Ageing & Society, 39(9), 1996\u20132017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0144686X18000405","journal-title":"Ageing & Society"},{"issue":"49","key":"113_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.13037\/ras.vol14n49.3671","volume":"14","author":"CM Cunha","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cunha, C. M., Neto, O. P., & Stackflethc, R. (2016). Principais m\u00e9todos de avalia\u00e7\u00e3o psicom\u00e9trica da confiabilidade de instrumentos de medida. Rev. Aten. Sa\u00fade, 14(49), 98\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13037\/ras.vol14n49.3671","journal-title":"Rev. Aten. Sa\u00fade"},{"issue":"3","key":"113_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1111\/bjso.12146","volume":"55","author":"L Drury","year":"2016","unstructured":"Drury, L., Hutchison, P., & Abrams, D. (2016). Direct and extended intergenerational contact and young people\u2019s attitudes towards older adults. The British Journal of Social Psychology, 55(3), 522\u2013543. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjso.12146","journal-title":"The British Journal of Social Psychology"},{"issue":"e20170311","key":"113_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"09","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-265x-tce-2017-0311","volume":"28","author":"ME Echevarr\u00eda-Guanilo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Echevarr\u00eda-Guanilo, M. E., Gon\u00e7alves, N., & Romanoski, P. J. (2019). Psychometric properties of measurement instruments: Conceptual basis and evaluation methods\u2014part II. Texto & Contexto - Enfermagem, 28(e20170311), 09. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1980-265x-tce-2017-0311","journal-title":"Texto & Contexto - Enfermagem"},{"issue":"1","key":"113_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e62723","DOI":"10.1957\/reuerj.2021.62723","volume":"29","author":"C Fernandes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fernandes, C., Moreira, M., & Galv\u00e3o, J. (2021). Atitudes das crian\u00e7as em rela\u00e7\u00e3o aos idosos - crian\u00e7as entre 3 e os 10 anos attitudes of children towards the elderly\u2014children between of 3 and 10 years old] [Actitudes de los ni\u00f1os hacia los ancianos\u2014ni\u00f1os entre edades 3 y 10 a\u00f1os]. Revista Enfermagem UERJ, 29(1), e62723. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1957\/reuerj.2021.62723","journal-title":"Revista Enfermagem UERJ"},{"key":"113_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00807","volume":"11","author":"A Flamion","year":"2020","unstructured":"Flamion, A., Missotten, P., Jennotte, L., Hody, N., & Adam, S. (2020). Old age-related stereotypes of preschool children. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 807. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00807","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"90","key":"113_CR11","first-page":"335","volume":"23","author":"J Harris","year":"1988","unstructured":"Harris, J., & Fiedler, C. M. (1988). Preadolescent attitudes toward the elderly: An analysis of race, gender and contact variables. Adolescence, 23(90), 335\u2013340.","journal-title":"Adolescence"},{"issue":"6","key":"113_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1080\/036012799267585","volume":"25","author":"PA Haught","year":"1999","unstructured":"Haught, P. A., Walls, R. T., Laney, J. D., Leavell, A., & Stuzen, S. (1999). Child and adolescent knowledge and attitudes about older adults across time and states. Educational Gerontology, 25(6), 501\u2013517. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/036012799267585","journal-title":"Educational Gerontology"},{"key":"113_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.2190\/8GVR-XJQY-LFTH-E0A1","volume":"23","author":"LW Isaacs","year":"1986","unstructured":"Isaacs, L. W., & Bearison, D. J. (1986). The development of children\u2019s prejudice against the aged. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 23, 175\u2013194.","journal-title":"The International Journal of Aging and Human Development"},{"issue":"5","key":"113_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbx120","volume":"74","author":"J Iveniuk","year":"2019","unstructured":"Iveniuk, J. (2019). Social networks, role-relationships, and personality in older adulthood. Journals of Gerontology Series b: Psychological Sciences & Social Sciences, 74(5), 815\u2013826. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geronb\/gbx120","journal-title":"Journals of Gerontology Series b: Psychological Sciences & Social Sciences"},{"key":"113_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/17.1.85","volume":"17","author":"C Ivester","year":"1977","unstructured":"Ivester, C., & King, K. (1977). Attitudes of adolescents toward the aged. The Gerontologist, 17, 85\u201389.","journal-title":"The Gerontologist"},{"key":"113_CR16","first-page":"518","volume":"41","author":"RK Jantz","year":"1977","unstructured":"Jantz, R. K., Seefeldt, C., Galper, A., & Serlock, K. (1977). Children\u2019s attitudes toward the elderly. Social Education, 41, 518\u2013523.","journal-title":"Social Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"113_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1159\/000486756","volume":"64","author":"P Lemaire","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lemaire, P., Brun, F., R\u00e9gner, I., & R\u00e9gner, I. (2018). Negative aging stereotypes disrupt both the selection and execution of strategies in older adults. Gerontology, 64(4), 373\u2013381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000486756","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"113_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/chso.12289","author":"K Lloyd","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lloyd, K., Devine, P., & Carney, G. M. (2018). Imagining their future selves: children\u2019s attitudes to older people and their expectations of life at age 70. Children & Society. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/chso.12289","journal-title":"Children & Society"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"113_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1080\/0380127850110202","volume":"11","author":"R Marks","year":"1985","unstructured":"Marks, R., Newman, S., & Onawola, R. (1985). Latency-aged children\u2019s views of aging. Educational Gerontology, 11(2\u20133), 89\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0380127850110202","journal-title":"Educational Gerontology"},{"key":"113_CR20","volume-title":"Contemporary perspectives on ageism","author":"J Mendon\u00e7a","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mendon\u00e7a, J., Marques, S., & Abrams, D. (2018). Children\u2019s Attitudes toward Older People: Current and Future Directions. In L. Ayalon & C. Tesch-R\u00f6mer (Eds.), Contemporary perspectives on ageism. International Perspectives on Aging Springer."},{"key":"113_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1037\/a0039469","volume":"5","author":"MS North","year":"2015","unstructured":"North, M. S., & Fiske, S. T. (2015). Modern attitudes toward older adults in the aging world: A cross-cultural meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 5, 993\u20131021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0039469","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"1","key":"113_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1590\/1982-0194201500015","volume":"28","author":"NA Oliveira","year":"2015","unstructured":"Oliveira, N. A., Moretti, L. B., Inouye, K., Joan, B. E., & Iost, S. C. (2015). Assessment of the attitudes toward ageing among children who live with the elderly. Acta Paulista De Enfermagem, 28(1), 87\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1982-0194201500015","journal-title":"Acta Paulista De Enfermagem"},{"key":"113_CR23","first-page":"316","volume":"21","author":"MYF Ramos","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ramos, M. Y. F., & Crespo, M. A. (2018). Estereotipos de las personas mayores y de g\u00e9nero en la prensa digital: Estudio emp\u00edrico desde la teor\u00eda del framing. Prisma Social, 21, 316\u2013337.","journal-title":"Prisma Social"},{"issue":"3","key":"113_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.5123\/s1679-49742017000300022","volume":"26","author":"AC Souza","year":"2017","unstructured":"Souza, A. C., Alexandre, N. C., & Guirardello, E. (2017). Psychometric properties in instruments evaluation of reliability and validity. Epidemiologia e Servi\u00e7os De Sa\u00fade, 26(3), 649\u2013659. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5123\/s1679-49742017000300022","journal-title":"Epidemiologia e Servi\u00e7os De Sa\u00fade"},{"issue":"3","key":"113_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1590\/1809-98232016019.150002","volume":"19","author":"R Tarallo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tarallo, R., Neri, A., & Cachioni, M. (2016). Semantic and cultural equivalence of the Intergenerational exchanges attitude scale (IEAS). Revista Brasileira De Geriatria e Gerontologia, 19(3), 453\u2013463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1809-98232016019.150002","journal-title":"Revista Brasileira De Geriatria e Gerontologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"113_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1080\/02701960.2015.1115985","volume":"39","author":"B Teater","year":"2018","unstructured":"Teater, B. (2018). How stereotypes and attitudes toward older adults are challenged through intergenerational contact: Young people explain the process. Gerontology & Geriatrics Education, 39(1), 104\u2013116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02701960.2015.1115985","journal-title":"Gerontology & Geriatrics Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"113_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1080\/02701960.2015.1079708","volume":"38","author":"B Teater","year":"2017","unstructured":"Teater, B., & Chonody, J. M. (2017). Stereotypes and attitudes toward older people among children transitioning from middle childhood into adolescence: Time matters. Gerontology & Geriatrics Education, 38(2), 204\u2013218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02701960.2015.1079708","journal-title":"Gerontology & Geriatrics Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"113_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.24933\/horizontes.v35i1.313","volume":"35","author":"M Todaro","year":"2017","unstructured":"Todaro, M. (2017). Constru\u00e7\u00e3o da Escala Todaro: atitudes de crian\u00e7as em rela\u00e7\u00e3o a idosos. Horizontes, 35(1), 141\u2013150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24933\/horizontes.v35i1.313","journal-title":"Horizontes"},{"issue":"1","key":"113_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1590\/0102-37722016012114209218","volume":"32","author":"T Torres","year":"2016","unstructured":"Torres, T., Camargo, B., & Bousfield, A. (2016). Estere\u00f3tipos sociais do idoso para diferentes grupos et\u00e1rios. Psicologia Teoria e Pesquisa, 32(1), 209\u2013218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0102-37722016012114209218","journal-title":"Psicologia Teoria e Pesquisa"},{"issue":"4","key":"113_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.9788\/TP2015.4-11","volume":"23","author":"R Vieira","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vieira, R., & Lima, M. (2015). Estere\u00f3tipos sobre os idosos: Dissocia\u00e7\u00e3o entre cren\u00e7as pessoais e coletivas. Temas Psicol, 23(4), 947\u2013958. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9788\/TP2015.4-11","journal-title":"Temas Psicol"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Child Care and Education Policy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40723-023-00113-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40723-023-00113-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40723-023-00113-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]],"date-time":"2023-04-07T03:56:38Z","timestamp":1680839798000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ijccep.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40723-023-00113-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["113"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40723-023-00113-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2288-6729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2288-6729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 June 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 March 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 April 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"10"}}