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An inadequate level of vitamin D is associated with autoimmune diseases, hypertension, and cancer. The study was aimed to assess the pharmacological effects of chronic vitamin D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> supplementation on the manipulation diet regiment of deprived cholecalciferol (vitamin D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> deficient diet, VDD) rats.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Memory performance (Y-maze task), muscular function (muscle grip strength), and pain score (pressure application measurement meter) were measured. Functional biomarkers were measured using ELISA method in different matrix viz. in serum (parathyroid hormone; PTH, calcitonin, thyroxine, and C-reactive protein; CRP, 25-OH Vit D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>), and in CSF (klotho and \u03b2-endorphin). 25-OH Vit D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> was also estimated in liver and kidney homogenate using ELISA. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) was measured spectrophotometrically in liver and adipose tissue.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>VDD-induced rats showed a decrease in number of entries and time spent in the novel arm and spontaneous alternations in the Y-maze task. Significant improvements of neuromuscular function and pain score after addition of vitamin D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>. In comparison to the VDD group, VDR expression (liver) and active metabolites of vitamin D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> (25-OH vit.D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>) in serum were significantly higher by 48.23% and 280%, respectively. The PTH and CRP levels were significantly reduced by 32.5% and 35.27%, respectively, whereas calcitonin was increased by 36.67% compared with the VDD group. Klotho and \u03b2-endorphin expressions in cerebrospinal fluid were significantly elevated by 19.67% and 133.59%, respectively, compared to VDD group.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Overall, the results indicate that supplementation of cholecalciferol significantly improved spatial memory impairment, VDR expression, and may provide an opportunity to manage vitamin D deficiencies.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40795-023-00767-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]],"date-time":"2023-09-25T12:01:57Z","timestamp":1695643317000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Vitamin D3 supplementation improves spatial memory, muscle function, pain score, and modulates different functional physiological biomarkers in vitamin D3 deficiency diet (VDD)-induced rats model"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Mahendra Kumar","family":"Trivedi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Branton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dahryn","family":"Trivedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sambhu","family":"Mondal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Snehasis","family":"Jana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"767_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2010.12.001","volume":"31","author":"KY Forrest","year":"2011","unstructured":"Forrest KY, Stuhldreher WL. 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The test facility (Dabur Research Foundation, India) was registered with CPCSEA (Registration No. 64\/PO\/br\/s\/99\/CPCSEA) for an experiment involving animals, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Govt. of India and the study was approved by the Institutional Animal Ethical Committee (IAEC), Dabur Research Foundation (DRF), India (IAEC\/39\/468) on dated 3rd July 2017. The animals were procured commercially from Vivo Bio-Tech, Hyderabad, India, and obtained informed consent from the company to use the animals in this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Authors MKT, AB, and DT were employed by Trivedi Global, Inc. Authors SM and SJ were employed by Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"108"}}