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Systems that optimize the stimulation of T cells to improve therapeutic efficacy are therefore in constant demand. A way to achieve this is through artificial antigen presenting cells that are complexes between vehicles and key molecules that target relevant T cell subpopulations, eliciting antigen-specific T cell priming. In such T cell activator systems, the vehicles chosen to deliver and present the key molecules to the targeted cell populations are of extreme importance. In this work, a new platform for the creation of T cell activator systems based on highly tailorable nanoparticles made from the natural polymer gellan gum (GG) was developed and validated.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              GG nanoparticles were produced by a water in oil emulsion procedure, and characterized by dynamic light scattering, high resolution scanning electronic microscopy and water uptake. Their biocompatibility with cultured cells was assessed by a metabolic activity assay. Surface functionalization was performed with anti-CD3\/CD28 antibodies via EDC\/NHS or NeutrAvidin\/Biotin linkage. Functionalized particles were tested for their capacity to stimulate CD4\n              <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n              T cells and trigger T cell cytotoxic responses.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              Nanoparticles were approximately 150\u00a0nm in size, with a stable structure and no detectable cytotoxicity. Water uptake originated a weight gain of up to 3200%. The functional antibodies did efficiently bind to the nanoparticles, as confirmed by SDS-PAGE, which then targeted the desired CD4\n              <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n              populations, as confirmed by confocal microscopy. The developed system presented a more sustained T cell activation over time when compared to commercial alternatives. Concurrently, the expression of higher levels of key cytotoxic pathway molecules granzyme B\/perforin was induced, suggesting a greater cytotoxic potential for future application in adoptive cancer therapy.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Our results show that GG nanoparticles were successfully used as a highly tailorable T cell activator system platform capable of T cell expansion and re-education.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40824-022-00297-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]],"date-time":"2022-09-30T08:04:19Z","timestamp":1664525059000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Highly tailorable gellan gum nanoparticles as a platform for the development of T cell activator systems"],"prefix":"10.34133","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0560-2962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel B.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"3B\u2019s Research Group, I3Bs \u2013 Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017, Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal."},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s \u2013 PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017, Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5588-374X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena R.","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3B\u2019s Research Group, I3Bs \u2013 Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017, Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal."},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s \u2013 PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017, Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal."}]},{"given":"Mariana T.","family":"Cerqueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3B\u2019s Research Group, I3Bs \u2013 Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017, Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal."},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s \u2013 PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017, Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal."}]},{"given":"Alexandra P.","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3B\u2019s Research Group, I3Bs \u2013 Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017, Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal."},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s \u2013 PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017, Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal."}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio G.","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s \u2013 PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017, Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal."},{"name":"School of Medicine, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal."}]},{"given":"Rui L.","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3B\u2019s Research Group, I3Bs \u2013 Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of 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