{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T18:42:14Z","timestamp":1778092934064,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"American Society for Cell Biology (ASCB)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["LSE"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>There is compelling evidence that test anxiety-related performance is contributing to documented trends in attrition in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) disciplines. While some anxiety-mitigation interventions have yielded promising results, these interventions have not been replicated broadly, specifically at different institution types. In the current research, we (a) examine how test anxiety relates to performance in STEM courses, by student characteristics and institution type; and (b) test, via replication, a cognitive reappraisal intervention across 12 courses at seven higher education institutions. We used a pre- and postintervention survey to assess test anxiety and combined these data with course performance and experimental condition: intervention or placebo. We confirm that test anxiety is negatively predictive of performance. We also note that Black students at predominantly white institutions have significantly higher test anxiety than their counterparts at Historically Black Colleges and Universities. However, the intervention failed to impact self-reported test anxiety or student performance. The work we describe here is characterized by several contributions to our growing understanding of test anxiety, performance, and student attrition in STEM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1187\/cbe.25-04-0055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T18:52:20Z","timestamp":1771872740000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Can we Mitigate the Impacts of Test Anxiety Through Reappraisal Interventions? A Replication Study in Science Courses Across Multiple Institution Types in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1187","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Ruben S.","family":"Thormods\u00e6ter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen,\u00a0Bergen, Vestland, Norway, 5007"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cissy J.","family":"Ballen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA,\u00a036849"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheritta","family":"Fagbodun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama, USA,\u00a036088"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dawn","family":"Foster-Hartnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA, 55455"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcos E.","family":"Garc\u00eda-Ojeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Education, University of California-Merced, Merced, California, USA, 95343"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ngawang","family":"Gonsar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Normandale Community College, Bloomington, Minnesota, USA,\u00a055431"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeremiah A.","family":"Henning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA, 36688"},{"name":"Stokes School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA, 36688"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachael D.","family":"Robnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, 89154"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Talia","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Jarvis Christian University, Hawkins, Texas, USA, 75765"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacob W.","family":"Wainman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota, USA, 55812"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robin A.","family":"Costello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA,\u00a036849"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffelo, New York, USA, 14260"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sehoya","family":"Cotner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen,\u00a0Bergen, Vestland, Norway, 5007"},{"name":"Department of Biology Teaching and Learning, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA, 55455"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1076","reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.18178\/ijiet.2018.8.10.1135","volume":"8","author":"Adesola S.","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Information and Education Technology"},{"issue":"4","key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.03.044","volume":"181","author":"Asai D. J.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"8","key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/biy056","volume":"68","author":"Ballen C. J.","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"issue":"10","key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0186419","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186419","volume":"12","author":"Ballen C. J.","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511996481.010","volume-title":"Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology","author":"Blascovich J.","year":"2014","edition":"2"},{"issue":"3","key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1037\/edu0000219","volume":"110","author":"Brady S. T.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"B24","unstructured":"de Brey, C., Musu, L., McFarland, J., Wilkinson-Flicker, S., Diliberti, M., Zhang, A., Branstetter, C. & Wang, X. (2019). Status and Trends in the Education of Racial and Ethnic Groups 2018 (NCES 2019-038). U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved from https:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/pubsearch\/"},{"issue":"5","key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.15283","volume":"58","author":"Broks V. M. A.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medical Education"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327809jls0202_2","volume":"2","author":"Brown A. L.","year":"1992","journal-title":"The Journal of the Learning Sciences"},{"key":"B9","unstructured":"Callahan, B. (2025). LibGuides: LGBTQIA+ & the Federal Government: Terminology and Definitions. Retrieved from https:\/\/libguides.tcu.edu\/LGBTQIAGovernment\/terms"},{"issue":"2","key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ar14","DOI":"10.1187\/cbe.23-07-0131","volume":"23","author":"Canning E. A.","year":"2024","journal-title":"CBE\u2014Life Sciences Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1006\/ceps.2001.1094","volume":"27","author":"Cassady J. C.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Contemporary Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.97.2.268","volume":"97","author":"Chapell M. S.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.7709\/jnegroeducation.83.4.0565","volume":"83","author":"Chen P. D.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Negro Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-013-0296-x","volume":"69","author":"Cheryan S.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"issue":"4","key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1080\/00256307.1981.12022238","volume":"13","author":"Clawson T. W.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Measurement and Evaluation in Guidance"},{"issue":"1","key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ar3","DOI":"10.1187\/cbe.24-01-0033","volume":"24","author":"Coburn K.","year":"2025","journal-title":"CBE Life Sciences Education"},{"issue":"6","key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8721.2008.00607.x","volume":"17","author":"Cohen G. L.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Current Directions in Psychological Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716209348751","volume":"627","author":"Conger D.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5324\/njsteme.v9i1.5892","volume":"9","author":"Costello R. A.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nordic Journal of STEM Education"},{"issue":"12","key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0189610","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189610","volume":"12","author":"Cotner S.","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s40594-020-00252-1","volume":"7","author":"Cotner S.","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of STEM Education"},{"key":"B22","first-page":"33","volume":"4","author":"Crenshaw K. W.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Southern California Review of Law and Women's Studies"},{"issue":"4","key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s11218-013-9232-8","volume":"16","author":"Cundiff J. L.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Social Psychology of Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-017-0763-x","volume":"78","author":"Ehrlinger J.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"issue":"7","key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0157447","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157447","volume":"11","author":"Ellis J.","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"B27","first-page":"1","volume":"23","author":"Ewell S. N.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-3542.7.2.336","volume":"7","author":"Eysenck M. W.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"issue":"4","key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ar52","DOI":"10.1187\/cbe.23-03-0041","volume":"22","author":"Farrar V. S.","year":"2023","journal-title":"CBE Life Sciences Education"},{"issue":"5","key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1677","volume":"10","author":"Fournier K. A.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anatomical Sciences Education"},{"key":"B31","author":"French S.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Higher Education"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia-Holgado, A., V\u00e1zquez-Ingelmo, A., Verdugo-Castro, S., Gonz\u00e1lez, C., G\u00f3mez, M. C. S. & Garcia-Pe\u00f1alvo, F. J. (2019). Actions to promote diversity in engineering studies: A case study in a computer science degree. 2019 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), 793\u2013800. Dubai, United Arab Emirates, (conference proceeding). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/EDUCON.2019.8725134","DOI":"10.1109\/EDUCON.2019.8725134"},{"issue":"8","key":"B33","first-page":"469","volume":"2","author":"Gharib A.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Online Submission"},{"issue":"1","key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1080\/1047840X.2015.989751","volume":"26","author":"Gross J. J.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychological Inquiry"},{"issue":"1","key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme.0215-029R1","volume":"43","author":"Hahm N.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Medical Education"},{"issue":"5","key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1177\/0021934719847910","volume":"50","author":"Hardy P. M.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Black Studies"},{"issue":"3","key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ar35","DOI":"10.1187\/cbe.18-05-0083","volume":"18","author":"Harris R. B.","year":"2019","journal-title":"CBE Life Sciences Education"},{"issue":"5","key":"B38","first-page":"82","volume":"42","author":"Hazari Z.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of College Science Teaching"},{"issue":"4","key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12191","DOI":"10.1002\/jcv2.12191","volume":"3","author":"Hecht C. A.","year":"2023","journal-title":"JCPP Advances"},{"issue":"1","key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543058001047","volume":"58","author":"Hembree R.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Review of Educational Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215824401351030","DOI":"10.1177\/2158244013510305","volume":"3","author":"Hilpert J. C.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sage Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1353\/pmc.1990.0004","volume":"1","author":"Hooks B.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Postmodern Culture"},{"key":"B43","unstructured":"Hurtado, S. & Ruiz Alvarado, A. (2012). The Climate for Underrepresented Groups and Diversity on Campus [Report]. HERI. Retrieved from https:\/\/vtechworks.lib.vt.edu\/handle\/10919\/83067"},{"key":"B44","volume-title":"Discrimination and Bias, Underrepresentation, and Sense of Belonging on Campus","author":"Hurtado S.","year":"2015"},{"key":"B45","first-page":"175","volume-title":"Handbook of competence and motivation: Theory and application","author":"Jamieson J. P.","year":"2017","edition":"2"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-81245-4_5","volume-title":"Biopsychosocial Factors of Stress, and Mindfulness for Stress Reduction","author":"Jamieson J. P.","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2009.08.015","volume":"46","author":"Jamieson J. P.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025719","volume":"141","author":"Jamieson J. P.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology. General"},{"issue":"6","key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550616644656","volume":"7","author":"Jamieson J. P.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Social Psychological and Personality Science"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013834","volume":"137","author":"Johns M.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology. General"},{"key":"B51","volume-title":"Interpretation of Educational Measurements","author":"Kelley T. L.","year":"1927"},{"key":"B52","unstructured":"Kim, J., Soler, M. C. & Swirsky, E. (2024). Race and Ethnicity in Higher Education: 2024 Status Report. https:\/\/www.equityinhighered.org\/resources\/report-downloads\/race-and-ethnicity-in-higher-education-2024-status-report\/ (accessed 27 September, 2024)"},{"issue":"3","key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.130.3.520","volume":"130","author":"Klein K.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1187\/cbe.18-04-0064"},{"issue":"13","key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2221311120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2221311120","volume":"120","author":"Koedinger K. R.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1080\/19496591.2020.1853557","volume":"58","author":"Koo K. K.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice"},{"issue":"3","key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1177\/1069072714547322","volume":"23","author":"Larson L. M.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Career Assessment"},{"issue":"3","key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035701","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6404\/ac51b1","volume":"43","author":"Malespina A.","year":"2022","journal-title":"European Journal of Physics"},{"issue":"1","key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s40594-023-00399-7","volume":"10","author":"Malespina A.","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of STEM Education"},{"issue":"8","key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2011.03.006","volume":"45","author":"McLean C. P.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatric Research"},{"key":"B61","volume-title":"Barriers and Opportunities for 2-Year and 4-Year STEM Degrees: Systemic Change to Support Students\u2019 Diverse Pathways","author":"Medicine, N. A. of S., Engineering, and, Engineering, N. A. of, Affairs, P. and G., Workforce, B. on H. E. and, Education, D. of B. and S. S. and, Education, B. on S., &amp; Degrees, C. on B. and O. in C. 2-Y. and 4-Y. S","year":"2016"},{"key":"B62","unstructured":"Monarrez, T. & Washington, K. (2020). Racial and Ethnic Representation in Postsecondary Education. Research Report. Urban Institute. Retrieved from https:\/\/eric.ed.gov\/?id=ED606027"},{"issue":"11","key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0000763","volume":"149","author":"Muenks K.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2016.07.023","volume":"228","author":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez-Pe\u00f1a M. I.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1187\/cbe.20-11-0260"},{"issue":"3","key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2006.04.002","volume":"45","author":"Orbach G.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"1","key":"B67","first-page":"1","volume":"36","author":"Papageorgiou E.","year":"2022","journal-title":"South African Journal of Higher Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1037\/dhe0000224","volume":"15","author":"Park J. J.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Diversity in Higher Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1080\/13632750802027713","volume":"13","author":"Putwain D. W.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties"},{"key":"B96","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"Pintrich P. R.","year":"1991","journal-title":"National Center for research to improve postsecondary teaching and learning (NCRIPTAL)"},{"key":"B70","unstructured":"R Core Team. (2023). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (Version R version 4.3.2 (2023-10-31 ucrt)) [Computer software]. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/"},{"issue":"6014","key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1199427","volume":"331","author":"Ramirez G.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science (New York, N.Y.)"},{"issue":"1","key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/10615800008248335","volume":"13","author":"Richards A.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anxiety, Stress, & Coping"},{"issue":"6","key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1002\/tea.21221","volume":"52","author":"Robnett R. D.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Science Teaching"},{"issue":"5","key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1808589116","volume":"116","author":"Rozek C. S.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ar68","DOI":"10.1187\/cbe.21-01-0012","volume":"20","author":"Salehi S.","year":"2021","journal-title":"CBE\u2014Life Sciences Education"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2019.00107","volume":"4","author":"Salehi S.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Education"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552364","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2020.552364","volume":"5","author":"Salehi S.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326985ep3904_1","volume":"39","author":"Sandoval W. A.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Educational Psychologist"},{"issue":"4","key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.46.4.929","volume":"46","author":"Sarason I. G.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1037\/edu0000122","volume":"108","author":"Schwartz D. L.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"B97","unstructured":"Saravanan, C. & Kingston, R. (2014). A randomized control study of psychological intervention to reduce anxiety, amotivation and psychological distress among medical students, J Res Med Sci 19 (5) 391\u2013397, PMID: 25097619; PMCID: PMC4116568, Rockville Pike, Maryland, US."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seymour, E. & Hunter, A.B. (2019).\n                      Talking about Leaving Revisited Persistence, Relocation, and Loss in Undergraduate STEM Education: Persistence, Relocation, and Loss in Undergraduate STEM\n                      Education\u00a0(1st ed.). Cham: Springer\n                      . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-25304-2","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-25304-2_1"},{"issue":"33","key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-021-09598-6","volume":"4","author":"Silaj K. M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Educational Psychology Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.66.1.174","volume":"66","author":"Smyth J. M.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1187\/cbe.11-11-0100"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1177\/0361684318793848","volume":"42","author":"Starr C. R.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychology of Women Quarterly"},{"issue":"12","key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6476","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1916903117","volume":"117","author":"Theobald E. J.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"mr2","DOI":"10.1187\/cbe.20-05-0085","volume":"19","author":"Thompson S. K.","year":"2020","journal-title":"CBE Life Sciences Education"},{"key":"B88","volume-title":"The Evolution of Deficit Thinking: Educational Thought and Practice","author":"Valencia R. R.","year":"1997"},{"issue":"1","key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s12646-015-0351-5","volume":"61","author":"Varasteh H.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychological Studies"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.11.048","volume":"227","author":"von der Embse N.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"issue":"2","key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"020126","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevPhysEducRes.19.020126","volume":"19","author":"Webb D. J.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Physical Review Physics Education Research"},{"issue":"13","key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3390\/math10132164","volume":"10","author":"Zakariya Y. F.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mathematics"},{"key":"B93","first-page":"145","volume-title":"Test Anxiety: The State of the Art","author":"Zeidner M.","year":"1998"},{"issue":"4","key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2009.11.011","volume":"48","author":"Zeidner M.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"6","key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1002\/sce.3730740603","volume":"74","author":"Zoller U.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Science Education"}],"container-title":["CBE\u2014Life Sciences Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T19:35:08Z","timestamp":1772912108000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.lifescied.org\/doi\/10.1187\/cbe.25-04-0055"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Elisabeth E.","family":"Schussler,","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1187\/cbe.25-04-0055"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1187\/cbe.25-04-0055","relation":{},"ISSN":["1931-7913"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1931-7913","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"article-number":"ar9"}}