{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T19:58:10Z","timestamp":1763755090925,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Oncology Nursing Society (ONS)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,1]]},"DOI":"10.1188\/07.cjon.865-872","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,13]],"date-time":"2007-12-13T08:25:48Z","timestamp":1197534348000},"page":"865-872","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Reducing Prostate Cancer Morbidity and Mortality in African American Men: Issues and Challenges"],"prefix":"10.1188","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Randy A.","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra Millon","family":"Underwood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian M.","family":"Rivers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1302","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"E00001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agho, A., & Lewis, M. (2001). Correlates of actual and perceived knowledge of prostate cancer among African Americans. Cancer Nursing<\/i>, 24<\/b>(3), 165-171.","DOI":"10.1097\/00002820-200106000-00001"},{"key":"E00002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahaghotu, C., Baffoe-Bonnie, A., Kittles, R., Pettaway, C., Powell, I., Royal, C., et al. (2004). Clinical characteristics of African-American men with hereditary prostate cancer: The AAHPC Study. Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases<\/i>, 7<\/b>(2), 165-169.","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.pcan.4500719"},{"key":"E00003","unstructured":"American Academy of Family Physicians. (2007). Summary of recommendations for clinical preventive services<\/i> [AAFP policy action revision 6.4. 1-15]. Retrieved November 9, 2007, from http:\/\/www.aafp.org\/online\/etc\/medialib\/aafp_org\/documents\/clinical\/CPS\/rcps08-2005.Par.0001.File.tmp\/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20Approved%20August%202007%20CPS%20with%20edits.pdf<\/a>"},{"key":"E00004","unstructured":"American Cancer Society. (2006). American Cancer Society guidelines for the early detection of cancer. Retrieved November 9, 2007, from http:\/\/www.cancer.org\/docroot\/PED\/content\/PED_2_3X_ACS_Cancer_Detection_Guidelines_36.asp<\/a>"},{"key":"E00005","unstructured":"American Cancer Society. (2007a). Cancer facts and figures 2007.<\/i> Atlanta, GA: Author."},{"key":"E00006","unstructured":"American Cancer Society. (2007b). Cancer facts and figures for African Americans 2007-2008.<\/i> Atlanta, GA: Author."},{"key":"E00007","unstructured":"American Cancer Society. (2007c). Detailed guide: Prostate cancer.<\/i> Retrieved August 2, 2006, from http:\/\/www.cancer.org\/docroot\/CRI\/content\/CRI_2_4_2X_What_are_the_risk_factors_for_prostate_cancer_36.asp?sitearea=<\/a>"},{"key":"E00008","unstructured":"American Cancer Society. (2007d). Detailed guide: Prostate cancer: Do we know what causes prostate cancer? Retrieved August 2, 2007, from http:\/\/www.documents.cancer.org\/117.00\/117.00.pdf<\/a>"},{"key":"E00009","unstructured":"American College of Physicians. (1997). Clinical guideline: Part III: Screening for prostate cancer. Annals of Internal Medicine<\/i>, 126<\/b>, 480-484. Retrieved November 9, 2007, from http:\/\/www.annals.org\/cgi\/content\/full\/126\/6\/480<\/a>"},{"key":"E00010","unstructured":"American Medical Association. (2001). Featured report: Screening and early detection of prostate cancer [Resolution 511 (I-99)]. Retrieved November 9, 2007, from http:\/\/www.ama-assn.org\/ama\/pub\/category\/13604.html<\/a>"},{"key":"E00011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bock, C., Peyser, P., Montie, J., & Cooney, K. (2005). Decreasing age at prostate cancer diagnosis over successive generations in prostate cancer families. Prostate<\/i>, 64<\/b>, 60-66.","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.20220"},{"key":"E00012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boyle, P., Gianluca, S., & Giles, G. (2003). The epidemiology of prostate cancer. Urologic Clinics of North America<\/i>, 30<\/b>, 209-217.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-0143(02)00181-7"},{"key":"E00013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bratt, O. (2002). Hereditary prostate cancer: Clinical aspects. Journal of Urology<\/i>, 168<\/b>, 906-913.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)64541-7"},{"key":"E00014","unstructured":"Brett, C., Bozeman, C., Simoneaux, W., Venable, D., Kattan, M., & Eastham, J. (2004). Race is not a predictor of prostate cancer detection on repeat prostate biopsy. Journal of Urology<\/i>, 172<\/b>, 1853-1855."},{"key":"E00015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carter, B., Bova, G., Beaty, T., Steinberg, G., Childs, B., Isaacs, W., et al. (1993). Hereditary prostate cancer: Epidemiologic and clinical features. Journal of Urology<\/i>, 150<\/b>, 797-802.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)35617-3"},{"key":"E00016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carver, B., Bozeman, C., Simoneaux, W., Venable, D., Kattan, M., & Eastham, J. (2004). Race is not a predictor of prostate cancer detection on repeat prostate biopsy. Journal of Urology<\/i>, 172<\/b>, 1853-1855.","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000141248.28904.fd"},{"key":"E00017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Catalona, W., Richie, J., Ahmann, F., Hudson, M., Scardino, P., Flanigan, R., et al. (1994). Comparison of digital rectal examination and serum prostate specific antigen in the early detection of prostate cancer: Results of a multicenter clinical trial of 6,630 men. Journal of Urology<\/i>, 151<\/b>, 1283-1290.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)35233-3"},{"key":"E00018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, J., & Giovannucci, E. (2001). Vegetables, fruits, associated micronutrients, and risk of prostate cancer. Epidemiologic Reviews<\/i>, 23<\/b>, 82-86.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a000799"},{"key":"E00019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, I., Yu, M., Koh, W., Pike, M., Kolonel, L., Henderson, B., et al. (2005). Comparison of prostate-specific antigen and hormone levels among men in Singapore and the United States. Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention<\/i>, 14<\/b>, 1692-1696.","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-04-0864"},{"key":"E00020","unstructured":"Clarke-Tasker, V., & Dutta, A. (2005). African American men and their reflections and thoughts on prostate cancer. Journal of National Black Nurses Association<\/i>, 16<\/b>, 1-7."},{"key":"E00021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen, J., Kristal, A., & Stanford, J. (2000). Fruit and vegetable intakes and prostate cancer risk. Journal of the National Cancer Institute<\/i>, 92<\/b>, 61-68.","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/92.1.61"},{"key":"E00022","unstructured":"Cooney, K. (1998). Hereditary prostate cancer in African American families. Seminars in Urologic Oncology<\/i>, 16<\/b>, 202-206."},{"key":"E00023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cotter, M., Gern, R., Ho, G., Chang, R., & Burk, R. (2002). Role of family history and ethnicity on the mode and age of prostate cancer presentation. Prostate<\/i>, 50<\/b>, 216-221.","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.10051"},{"key":"E00024","unstructured":"Datta, M., Dhir, R., Dobbin, K., Bosland, M., Melamed, J., Becich, M., et al. (2005). Prostate cancer in patients with screening serum prostate specific antigen values less than 4.0 ng\/dl: Results from the Cooperative Prostate Cancer Tissue Resource. Journal of Urology<\/i>, 173<\/b>, 1546-1551."},{"key":"E00025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Denberg, T., Beaty, B., Kim, F., & Steiner, J. (2005). Marriage and ethnicity predict treatment in localized prostate carcinoma. Cancer<\/i>, 103<\/b>, 1819-1825.","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.20982"},{"key":"E00026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, X., Fang, S., Coker, A., Sanderson, M., Aragaki, C., Cormmier, J., et al. (2006). Racial disparity and socioeconomic status in association with survival in older men with local\/regional stage prostate carcinoma: Findings from a large community-based cohort. Cancer<\/i>, 106<\/b>, 1276-1285.","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.21732"},{"key":"E00027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fairfield, K., & Fletcher, R. (2002). Vitamins for chronic disease prevention in adults. JAMA<\/i>, 287<\/b>, 3116-3126.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.23.3116"},{"key":"E00028","unstructured":"Ferrini, R., & Woolf, S. (1998). Screening for prostate cancer in American men. American Journal of Preventive Medicine<\/i>, 15<\/b>(1), 81-84. Retrieved November 9, 2007, from http:\/\/www.acpm.org\/cpsprostatecancer.htm http:\/\/www.acpm.org\/cpsprostatecancer.htm<\/a>"},{"key":"E00029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fowler, J., Bigler, S., Lynch, C., Wilson, S., & Farabaugh, P. (2001). Prospective study of correlations between biopsy-detected high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, serum prostate specific antigen concentration, and race. Cancer<\/i>, 91<\/b>, 1291-1296.","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(20010401)91:7<1291::AID-CNCR1131>3.0.CO;2-J"},{"key":"E00030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fowler, J., Bigler, S., Miles, D., & Yalkut, D. (2000). Predictors of first repeat biopsy cancer detection with suspected local stage prostate cancer. Journal of Urology<\/i>, 163<\/b>, 813-817.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)67810-X"},{"key":"E00031","unstructured":"Fowler, J., Sanders, J., Bigler, S., Rigdon, J., Kilambi, N., & Land, S. (2000). Percent free prostate specific antigen and cancer detection in black and white men with total prostate specific antigen 2.5 to 99 ng\/ml. Journal of Urology<\/i>, 163<\/b>, 1467-1470."},{"key":"E00032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freeman, V., Durazo-Arvizu, R., Keys, L., Johnson, M., Schafernak, K., & Patel, V. (2004). Racial differences in survival among men with prostate cancer and comorbidity at time of diagnosis. American Journal of Public Health<\/i>, 94<\/b>, 803-808.","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.94.5.803"},{"key":"E00033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Friedenreich, C., McGregor, S., Courneya, K., Angyalfi, S., & Elliott, F. (2004). Case-control study of lifetime total physical activity and prostate cancer risk. American Journal of Epidemiology<\/i>, 159<\/b>, 740-749.","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh106"},{"key":"E00034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gann, P., Hennekens, C., & Stampfer, M. (1995). A prospective evaluation of plasma prostate-specific antigen for detection of prostatic cancer. JAMA<\/i>, 273<\/b>, 289-294.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03520280035036"},{"key":"E00035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giovannucci, E., Rimm, E., Liu, Y., Stampfer, M., & Willett, W. (2002). A prospective study of tomato products, lycopene, and prostate cancer risk. Journal of the National Cancer Institute<\/i>, 94<\/b>, 391-398.","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/94.5.391"},{"key":"E00036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gronberg, H. (2003). Prostate cancer epidemiology. Lancet<\/i>, 361<\/b>, 859-864.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12713-4"},{"key":"E00037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grossfeld, G., Latini, D., Downs, T., Lubeck, D., Mehta, S., & Carroll, P. (2002). Is ethnicity an independent predictor of prostate cancer recurrence after radical prostatectomy? Journal of Urology<\/i>, 168<\/b>, 2510-2515.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)64179-1"},{"key":"E00038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoffman, R., Harlan, L., Kalbunde, C., Gilliland, F., Stephenson, R., Hunt, W., et al. (2003). Racial differences in initial treatment for clinically localized prostate cancer. Results from Prostate Cancer Outcomes Study. Journal of General Internal Medicine<\/i>, 18<\/b>, 845-853.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2003.21105.x"},{"key":"E00039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"International Prostate Screening Trial Evaluation Group. (1999). Rationale for randomized trials of prostate cancer screening. European Journal of Cancer<\/i>, 35<\/b>, 262-271.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-8049(98)00379-7"},{"key":"E00040","unstructured":"Kolonel, L., Hankin, J., Whittmore, A., Wu, A., Gallagher, R., Wilkens, L., et al. (2000). Vegetables, fruits, legumes and prostate cancer: A multiethnic case-control study. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention<\/i>, 9<\/b>, 795-804."},{"key":"E00041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolonel, L., Nomura, A., & Cooney, R. (1999). Dietary fat and prostate cancer: Current status. Journal of the National Cancer Institute<\/i>, 91<\/b>, 414-428.","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/91.5.414"},{"key":"E00042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lamharzi, N., Johnson, M., Goodman, G., Etzioni, R., Weiss, N., Dightman, D., et al. (2003). Polymorphic markers in the 5alphareductase type II gene and the incidence of prostate cancer. International Journal of Cancer<\/i>, 105<\/b>, 480-483.","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.11126"},{"key":"E00043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Latini, D., Elkin, E., Cooperberg, M., Sadetsky, N., Duchane, J., & Carroll, P. (2006). Differences in clinical characteristics and disease-free survival for Latino, African American, and non-Latino white men with localized prostate cancer: Data from CaPSURE. Cancer<\/i>, 106<\/b>, 789-795.","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.21675"},{"key":"E00044","unstructured":"Lu, Q., Hung, J., Heber, D., Go, V., Reuter, V., Cordon-Cardo, C., et al. (2001). Inverse associations between plasma lycopene and other carotenoids and prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention<\/i>, 10<\/b>, 749-756."},{"key":"E00045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McFall, S., Hamm, R., & Volk, R. (2006). Exploring beliefs about prostate cancer and early detection in men and women of three ethnic groups. Patient Education and Counseling<\/i>, 61<\/b>, 109-116.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2005.02.016"},{"key":"E00046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller, E., Giovannucci, E., Erdman, J., John, W., Bahnson, R., Schwartz, S., et al. (2002). Tomato products, lycopene, and prostate cancer risk. Urologic Clinics of North America<\/i>, 29<\/b>, 83-93.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-0143(02)00020-4"},{"key":"E00047","unstructured":"Mistry, K., & Cable, G. (2002). Meta-analysis of prostate-specific antigen and digital rectal examination as screening tests for prostate carcinoma. Journal of the American Board of Family Practice<\/i>, 16<\/b>(2), 95-101."},{"key":"E00048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohler, J., Gaston, K., Moore, D., Schell, M., Cohen, B., Weaver, C., et al. (2004). Racial differences in prostate androgen levels in men with clinically localized prostate cancer. Journal of Urology<\/i>, 171<\/b>, 2277-2280.","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000127739.88383.79"},{"key":"E00049","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute. (2000). The Prostate Cancer Outcomes Study. Retrieved August 4, 2007, from http:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/newscenter\/pcos<\/a>"},{"key":"E00050","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute. (2004). The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test: Questions and answers. Retrieved August 6, 2006, from http:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/cancertopics\/factsheet\/Detection\/PSA<\/a>"},{"key":"E00051","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute. (2005). What you need to know about prostate cancer. Retrieved August 2, 2007, from http:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/cancertopics\/wyntk\/prostate\/page4<\/a>"},{"key":"E00052","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute. (2007). Genetics of prostate cancer. Retrieved November 10, 2007, from http:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/cancertopics\/pdq\/genetics\/prostate\/HealthProfessional\/page2<\/a>"},{"key":"E00053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nieder, A., Taneja, S., Zeegers, M., & Ostrer, H. (2003). Genetic counseling for prostate cancer risk. Clinical Genetics<\/i>, 63<\/b>, 169-176.","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-0004.2003.00038.x"},{"key":"E00054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oakly-Girvan, I., Kolonel, L., Gallagher, R., Wu, A., Felberg, A., & Whittemore, A. (2003). Stage at diagnosis and survival in a multiethnic cohort of prostate cancer patients. American Journal of Public Health<\/i>, 93<\/b>, 1753-1759.","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.93.10.1753"},{"key":"E00055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peters, N., & Armstrong, K. (2005). Racial differences in prostate cancer treatment outcomes: A systematic review. Cancer Nursing<\/i>, 28<\/b>(2), 108-118.","DOI":"10.1097\/00002820-200503000-00004"},{"key":"E00056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Platz, E., & Helzlsouer, K. (2001). Selenium, zinc, and prostate cancer. Epidemiologic Reviews<\/i>, 23<\/b>(1), 93-101.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a000801"},{"key":"E00057","unstructured":"Ries, L., Eisner, M., Kosary, C., Hankey, B., Miller, B., Clegg, L., et al. (2003). SEER cancer statistics review, 1975-2000.<\/i> Retrived November 13, 2007, from http:\/\/www.seer.cancer.gov\/csr\/1975_2000\/<\/a>"},{"key":"E00058","unstructured":"Ries, L., Melbert, D., Krapcho, M., Mariotto, A., Miller, B., Feuer, E., et al. (Eds.). (2007). SEER cancer statistics review, 1975-2004.<\/i> Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute."},{"key":"E00059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodriguez, C., McCullough, M., Mondul, A., Jacobs, E., Chao, A., Patel, A., et al. (2006). Meat consumption among black and white men and risk of prostate cancer in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention<\/i>, 15<\/b>, 211-216.","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-05-0614"},{"key":"E00060","unstructured":"Scher, H., Isaacs, J., & Zelefsky, M. (2000). Prostate cancer. In Clinical oncology<\/i> (2nd ed., pp. 1823-1884). New York: Churchill Livingston."},{"key":"E00061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schroder, F., van der Cruijsen-Koeter, I., de Koning, H., Vis, A., Hoedemaeker, R., & Kranse, R. (2000). Prostate cancer detection at low prostate specific antigen. Journal of Urology<\/i>, 163<\/b>, 806-812.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)67809-3"},{"key":"E00062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shuch, B., Mikhail, M., Satagopan, J., Lee, P., Yee, H., Chang, C., et al. (2004). Racial disparity of epidermal growth factor receptor expression in prostate cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology<\/i>, 22<\/b>, 4725-4729.","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2004.06.134"},{"key":"E00063","unstructured":"Singh, G., & Siahpush, M. (2001). All-cause and cause-specific mortality of immigrants and native born in the United States. American Journal of Public Health<\/i>, 91<\/b>, 392-399."},{"key":"E00064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sohayda, C., Kupelian, P., Altsman, K., & Klein, E. (1999). Race as an independent predictor of outcome after treatment for localized prostate cancer. Journal of Urology<\/i>, 162<\/b>, 1331-1336.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)68279-1"},{"key":"E00065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spencer, B., Fung, C., Wang, M., Rubenstein, L., & Litwin, M. (2004). Geographic variation across veterans affairs medical centers in the treatment of early stage prostate cancer. Journal of Urology<\/i>, 172<\/b>, 2362-2365.","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000144064.54670.7b"},{"key":"E00066","unstructured":"Steele, C., Miller, D., Maylahn, C., Uhler, R., & Baker, C. (2000). Knowledge, attitudes, and screening practices among older men regarding prostate cancer. American Journal of Public Health<\/i>, 90<\/b>, 1595-1600."},{"key":"E00067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steinberg, G., Carter, B., Beaty, T., Childs, B., & Walsh, P. (1990). Family history and the risk of prostate cancer. Prostate<\/i>, 17<\/b>, 337-347.","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.2990170409"},{"key":"E00068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, L., Jin, T., Zeng, X., & Wang, J. (2005). Lycopene inhibits the growth of human androgen-independent prostate cancer cells in vitro and in BALB\/c nude mice. Journal of Nutrition<\/i>, 135<\/b>, 287-290.","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.2.287"},{"key":"E00069","unstructured":"Theodorescu, D., & Krupski, T. (2005). Prostate cancer: Biology, diagnosis, pathology, staging, and natural history. Retrieved November 5, 2006, from http:\/\/www.emedicine.com\/med\/topic3537.htm<\/a>"},{"key":"E00070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thompson, I., Pauler, D., Goodman, P., Tangen, C., Lucia, M., Parnes, H., et al. (2004). Prevalence of prostate cancer among men with a prostate-specific antigen level <4.0 ng per milliliter. New England Journal of Medicine<\/i>, 351<\/b>, 2239-2246.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa031918"},{"key":"E00071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thompson, I., Tangen, C., Tolcher, A., Crawford, E., Eisenberger, M., & Moinpour, C. (2001). Association of African-American ethnic background with survival in men with metatstatic prostate cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute<\/i>, 93<\/b>, 219-225.","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/93.3.219"},{"key":"E00072","unstructured":"Underwood, W., Jackson, J., Wei, J.T., Dunn, R., Baker, E., Demonner, S., et al. (2004). Racial treatment trends in localized\/regional prostate carcinoma: 1992-1999. Cancer<\/i>, 103<\/b>, 538-545."},{"key":"E00073","unstructured":"U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. (2002). Screening for prostate cancer: Recommendation and rationale. Annals of Internal Medicine<\/i>, 137<\/b>, 915-916. Retrieved November 9, 2007, from http:\/\/www.annals.org\/cgi\/content\/full\/137\/11\/915<\/a>"},{"key":"E00074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whittemore, A., Kolonel, A., Wu, A., John, E., Gallagher, R., Howe, G., et al. (1995). Prostate cancer in relation to diet, physical activity, and body size in blacks, whites, and Asians in the United States and Canada. Journal of the National Cancer Institute<\/i>, 87<\/b>, 652-661.","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/87.9.652"},{"key":"E00075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whittemore, A., Wu, A., Kolonel, L., John, E., Gallagher, G., Howe, D., et al. (1995). Family history and prostate cancer risk in black, white, and Asian men in the United States and Canada. American Journal of Epidemiology<\/i>, 141<\/b>, 732-740.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117495"},{"key":"E00076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilkinson, S., List, M., Sinner, M., Lanting, D., & Chodak, G. (2003). Educating African-American men about prostate cancer: Impact on awareness and knowledge. Urology<\/i>, 61<\/b>, 308-313.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(02)02144-1"},{"key":"E00077","unstructured":"Willett, W. (2001). Diet and cancer: One view at the start of the millennium. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention<\/i>, 10<\/b>, 3-8."},{"key":"E00078","unstructured":"Zeigler-Johnson, C. (2001). CYP3A4: A potential prostate cancer risk factor for high-risk groups. Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing<\/i>, 5<\/b>, 153-156."},{"key":"E00079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeliadt, S., Potosky, A., Etzioni, R., Ramsey, S., & Penson, D. (2004). Racial disparity in primary and adjuvant treatment for nonmetastatic prostate cancer: SEER-Medicare trends 1991 to 1999. Urology<\/i>, 64<\/b>, 1171-1176.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2004.07.037"},{"key":"E00080","unstructured":"Zoorob, R., Anderson, R., Cefalu, C., & Sidani, M. (2001). Cancer screening guidelines. American Family Physician<\/i>, 63<\/b>, 1101-1112."}],"container-title":["Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/ons.metapress.com\/index\/T5R38P974884612G.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T19:50:57Z","timestamp":1763754657000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ons.org\/publications-research\/cjon\/11\/6\/reducing-prostate-cancer-morbidity-and-mortality-african-american"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,1]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,1]]}},"alternative-id":["T5R38P974884612G"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1188\/07.cjon.865-872","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-1095","1538-067X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1092-1095"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1538-067X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,1]]}}}