{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T12:45:48Z","timestamp":1790858748554,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,1]],"date-time":"2008-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1209600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Periodontitis is an infectious disease, where putative periodontopathogens trigger chronic inflammatory and immune responses against periodontal structures, in which an unbalanced host response is also determinant to the disease outcome. It is reasonable to assume that patient susceptibility to periodontal tissue destruction could be determined by the balance between the response against periodontopathogens and regulatory mechanisms of these events mediated by suppressive T cells. In the present study, we identified and characterized natural regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the inflammatory infiltrate of human chronic periodontitis (CP) with emphasis on phenotypic analyses that were carried out to address the participation of Tregs in CP. Results showed that patients with CP presented increased frequency of T lymphocytes and CD4+CD25+ T cells in the inflammatory infiltrate of gingival tissues. These cells exhibited the phenotypic markers of Tregs such as forkhead box p3 (Foxp3), CTLA-4, glucocorticoid-inducible TNFR, CD103, and CD45RO and seemed to be attracted to the inflammation site by the chemokines CCL17 and CCL22, as their expression and its receptor CCR4 were increased in CP patients. Moreover, besides the increased detection of Foxp3 mRNA, diseased tissues presented high expression of the regulatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-\u03b2. In addition, the inflammatory infiltrate in CP biopsies was composed of CD25+Foxp3+ and CD25+TGF-\u03b2+ cells, thus corroborating the hypothesis of the involvement of Tregs in the pathogenesis of CP. Finally, these results indicate that Tregs are found in the chronic lesions and must be involved in the modulation of local immune response in CP patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0108014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,4]],"date-time":"2008-05-04T01:49:17Z","timestamp":1209865757000},"page":"311-318","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":120,"title":["Characterization of CD4+CD25+ natural regulatory T cells in the inflammatory infiltrate of human chronic periodontitis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Cristina Ribeiro","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of S\u00e3o Paulo , S\u00e3o Paulo , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gustavo Pompermaier","family":"Garlet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry of Bauru, University of S\u00e3o Paulo , S\u00e3o Paulo , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Paula","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of S\u00e3o Paulo , S\u00e3o Paulo , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W\u00e1lter Martins","family":"J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics, Dentistry School, University of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto , Ribeir\u00e3o Preto , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcos Ant\u00f4nio","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, School of Medicine of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo , S\u00e3o Paulo , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Santana","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of S\u00e3o Paulo , S\u00e3o Paulo , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023032712564999500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2005.01.012","article-title":"Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans-induced periodontal disease in mice: patterns of cytokine, chemokine, and chemokine receptor expression and leukocyte migration","volume":"7","author":"Garlet","year":"2005","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"issue":"Suppl. 6","key":"2023032712564999500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2005.00821.x","article-title":"Generation of inflammatory stimuli: how bacteria set up inflammatory responses in the gingiva","volume":"32","author":"Madianos","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. 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