{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:44:39Z","timestamp":1787021079749,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,1]],"date-time":"2012-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1351728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"U.S. National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["DA007908"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DA007908"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"U.S. National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["DA020402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DA020402"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"U.S. National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1F32DA031067-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1F32DA031067-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cannabinoids differentially modulate T cell function with concomitant dysregulation of the NFAT-calcium signaling cascade.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Approximately 25% of immunocompromised HIV patients smoke marijuana for its putative therapeutic benefit. The goal of these studies was to test the hypothesis that marijuana-derived cannabinoids have immunomodulatory effects on HIV antigen-specific T cell effector function. A surrogate mouse model to induce polyclonal T cell responses against HIVgp120 was established. THC, a marijuana-derived cannabinoid, suppressed or enhanced mouse CD8+ T cell proliferation and the gp120-specific CTL response depending on the magnitude of the IFN-\u03b3 response. To determine the molecular mechanisms by which cannabinoids differentially modulate T cell responses, P\/I or anti-CD3\/CD28 antibodies were used for stimulation, and another marijuana-derived cannabinoid, CBD, was also investigated. THC or CBD suppressed or enhanced IFN-\u03b3 and IL-2 production by mouse splenocytes under optimal or suboptimal stimulation, respectively. Similar differential effects of cannabinoids on cytokine production were also observed on nuclear translocation of NFAT and with human PBMCs in response to P\/I stimulation. However, THC and CBD elevated intracellular calcium, regardless of the stimulation level with P\/I, suggesting that the cannabinoid-induced calcium increase provides an appropriate signal for activation in suboptimally stimulated T cells but an anergic-like signal as a result of excessive calcium in optimally stimulated T cells. Overall, these data demonstrate differential modulation by cannabinoids of a HIV antigen-specific response and identify a possible mechanism responsible for this effect.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0212082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,16]],"date-time":"2012-08-16T22:18:34Z","timestamp":1345155514000},"page":"1093-1102","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Magnitude of stimulation dictates the cannabinoid-mediated differential T cell response to HIVgp120"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Weimin","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan, USA"},{"name":"Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara L F","family":"Kaplan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan, USA"},{"name":"Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Schuyler T","family":"Pike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren A","family":"Topper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas R","family":"Lichorobiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven O","family":"Simmons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ram","family":"Ramabhadran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norbert E","family":"Kaminski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan, USA"},{"name":"Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023012312574209900_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1038\/346561a0","article-title":"Structure of a cannabinoid receptor and functional expression of the cloned cDNA","volume":"346","author":"Matsuda","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023012312574209900_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/365061a0","article-title":"Molecular characterization of a peripheral receptor for cannabinoids","volume":"365","author":"Munro","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023012312574209900_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)35329-7","article-title":"Role of nuclear factor of activated T-cells and activator protein-1 in the inhibition of interleukin-2 gene transcription by cannabinol in EL4 T-cells","volume":"292","author":"Yea","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. 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