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Glucocorticoids and prostaglandin E2(PGE2) are also reported to suppress Th1 polarization and are induced by \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), so their role in the suppression of polarizing cytokines was examined. Injection of L. pneumophila or THC alone into BALB\/c mice induced a rapid and transient rise in serum corticosterone (CS), and the injection of both agents significantly augmented the CS response, demonstrating that THC increased CS in Legionella-infected mice. Pretreatment with the CB receptor 1 (CB1) antagonist SR141716A had no effect on the THC-induced CS response, but CB2 antagonist (SR144528) treatment increased the CS response. To see if increased CS contributed to the down-regulation of Th1 cytokines, mice were pretreated with the steroid antagonist RU486 before THC injection and Legionella infection. The results showed that RU486 did not attenuate the THC-induced suppression of serum interleukin (IL)-12 or interferon-\u03b3 (IFN-\u03b3). In addition to CS, THC injection increased urinary PGE2 metabolites, and the CB1 antagonist attenuated this increase. Although L. pneumophila infection increased urinary PGE2, THC pretreatment did not enhance this response; in addition, treatment with the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin, did not block the THC-induced suppression of IL-12 and IFN-\u03b3. These results suggest that the elevation of CS and PGE2 does not account for the THC-induced attenuation of the Th1 cytokine response, and it is concluded that other suppressive mediators are induced by THC or that the drug acts directly on immune cells to suppress cytokine production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0304184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,17]],"date-time":"2004-07-17T00:52:50Z","timestamp":1090025570000},"page":"854-861","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The THC-induced suppression of Th1 polarization in response to<i>Legionella pneumophila<\/i>infection is not mediated by increases in corticosterone and PGE2"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Catherine A","family":"Newton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Florida, College of Medicine , Tampa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tangying","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Florida, College of Medicine , Tampa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stanley J","family":"Nazian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, University of South Florida, College of Medicine , Tampa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Izabella","family":"Perkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Florida, College of Medicine , Tampa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Herman","family":"Friedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Florida, College of Medicine , Tampa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas W","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Florida, College of Medicine , Tampa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023033023585825400_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5699(98)01300-0","article-title":"Cannabinoid receptors and immunity","volume":"19","author":"Klein","year":"1998","journal-title":"Immunol. 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