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Here, we describe incomplete activation of CD4+ T cells following intravenous injection of specific peptide and LPS into Salmonella-infected mice. Although antigen-specific CD4+ T cells were activated by peptide\/LPS to increase surface CD69 expression, they did not produce IL-2 or TNF-\u03b1. Suppression of cytokine production did not require prolonged exposure of the T cells to the Salmonella-infected environment, was not antigen specific, but was dependent upon the presence of LPS during stimulation. These data suggest that Salmonella-infected mice are exquisitely sensitive to the generation of a suppressive environment following innate immune stimulation with LPS. In agreement with this interpretation, repeated low-dose administration of LPS caused uncontrolled replication of attenuated Salmonella in vivo.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0306194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,18]],"date-time":"2006-08-18T00:55:42Z","timestamp":1155862542000},"page":"403-411","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Exposure to LPS suppresses CD4+ T cell cytokine production in<i>Salmonella<\/i>-infected mice and exacerbates murine typhoid"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Aparna","family":"Srinivasan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, and Center for Infectious Diseases and Translational Microbiology Research, University of Minnesota Medical School, McGuire Translational Research Facility , Minneapolis, Minnesota , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen J","family":"McSorley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, and Center for Infectious Diseases and Translational Microbiology Research, University of Minnesota Medical School, McGuire Translational Research Facility , Minneapolis, Minnesota , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023033007023125900_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.14.1.533","article-title":"Salmonellosis: host immune responses and bacterial virulence determinants.","volume":"14","author":"Jones","year":"1996","journal-title":"Annu. 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