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The mature peptides generally show a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity and, more recently, some of them have also been found to exert other biological activities. The human cathelicidin peptide LL-37 is chemotactic for neutrophils, monocytes, mast cells, and T cells; induces degranulation of mast cells; alters transcriptional responses in macrophages; stimulates wound vascularization and re-epithelialization of healing skin. The porcine PR-39 has also been involved in a variety of processes, including promotion of wound repair, induction of angiogenesis, neutrophils chemotaxis, and inhibition of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase activity, whereas the bovine BMAP-28 induces apoptosis in transformed cell lines and activated lymphocytes and may thus help with clearance of unwanted cells at inflammation sites. These multiple actions provide evidence for active participation of cathelicidin peptides in the regulation of the antimicrobial host defenses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0403147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,10]],"date-time":"2003-09-10T01:25:10Z","timestamp":1063157110000},"page":"39-48","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":831,"title":["Cathelicidins, multifunctional peptides of the innate immunity"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Margherita","family":"Zanetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, University of Udine, I-33100 Udine, and National Laboratory CIB , AREA Science Park, Padriciano 99, I-34012 Trieste"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023033100212571500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/415389a","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides of multicellular organisms","volume":"415","author":"Zasloff","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023033100212571500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI0215218","article-title":"Antimicrobial polypeptides in host defense of the respiratory tract","volume":"109","author":"Ganz","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. 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