{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T19:27:02Z","timestamp":1789846022233,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,1]],"date-time":"2012-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1338508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOP-84582"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOP-84582"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"W.R.M.","award":["MOP-7399"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOP-7399"]}]},{"name":"Small Projects Health Research"},{"name":"British Columbia Proteomics Network"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Evasion or subversion of host immune responses is a well-established paradigm in infection with visceralizing leishmania. In this review, we summarize current findings supporting a model in which leishmania target host regulatory molecules and pathways, such as the PTP SHP-1 and the PI3K\/Akt signaling cascade, to prevent effective macrophage activation. Furthermore, we describe how virulence factors, secreted by leishmania, interfere with macrophage intracellular signaling. Finally, we discuss mechanisms of secretion and provide evidence that leishmania use a remarkably adept, exosome-based secretion mechanism to export and deliver effector molecules to host cells. In addition to representing a novel mechanism for trafficking of virulence factors across membranes, recent findings indicate that leishmania exosomes may have potential as vaccine candidates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0611326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,23]],"date-time":"2012-03-23T03:30:27Z","timestamp":1332473427000},"page":"887-899","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Secreted virulence factors and immune evasion in visceral leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Ulrike","family":"Lambertz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases and the Experimental Medicine Program) , Vancouver, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith Maxwell","family":"Silverman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases and the Experimental Medicine Program) , Vancouver, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Vancouver, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Devki","family":"Nandan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases and the Experimental Medicine Program) , Vancouver, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W Robert","family":"McMaster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Genetics , Vancouver, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joachim","family":"Clos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Leishmaniasis Research Group, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine , Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonard J","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and The Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil E","family":"Reiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases and the Experimental Medicine Program) , Vancouver, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Vancouver, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023033005015458300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.2265.1252","article-title":"\u201cLeishmania Donovani\u201d in the Soudan","volume":"1","author":"Neave","year":"1904","journal-title":"Br. 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