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In this study, we investigated whether thimerosal can exercise a TH2-promoting effect through modulation of functions of dendritic cells (DC). Thimerosal, in a concentration-dependent manner, inhibited the secretion of LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokines TNF-\u03b1, IL-6, and IL-12p70 from human monocyte-derived DC. However, the secretion of IL-10 from DC was not affected. These thimerosal-exposed DC induced increased TH2 (IL-5 and IL-13) and decreased TH1 (IFN-\u03b3) cytokine secretion from the T cells in the absence of additional thimerosal added to the coculture. Thimerosal exposure of DC led to the depletion of intracellular glutathione (GSH), and addition of exogenous GSH to DC abolished the TH2-promoting effect of thimerosal-treated DC, restoring secretion of TNF-\u03b1, IL-6, and IL-12p70 by DC and IFN-\u03b3 secretion by T cells. These data suggest that modulation of TH2 responses by mercury and thimerosal, in particular, is through depletion of GSH in DC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0706467","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,2]],"date-time":"2006-11-02T01:30:13Z","timestamp":1162431013000},"page":"474-482","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Thimerosal induces TH2 responses via influencing cytokine secretion by human dendritic cells"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Anshu","family":"Agrawal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, University of California , Irvine, California , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Poonam","family":"Kaushal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, University of California , Irvine, California , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sudhanshu","family":"Agrawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, University of California , Irvine, California , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sastry","family":"Gollapudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, University of California , Irvine, California , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sudhir","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, University of California , Irvine, California , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023033007022799500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.11.032","article-title":"Mercury exposure in children: a review.","volume":"198","author":"Counter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicol. 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