{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T20:10:52Z","timestamp":1782591052292,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,11]],"date-time":"2007-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1197331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Michigan State University Foundation Strategic Partnership"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DA07908"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DA07908"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences Training","award":["T32 ES07255"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 ES07255"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We have previously reported that \u0394-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (\u03949-THC)-treated mice challenged with influenza virus A\/PR\/8\/34 (PR8) developed increased viral hemagglutinin 1 (H1) mRNA levels and decreased monocyte and lymphocyte recruitment to the pulmonary airways when compared with mice challenged with PR8 alone. The objective of the present study was to examine the role of cannabinoid (CB1\/CB2) receptors in mediating the effects of \u03949-THC on immune and epithelial cell responses to PR8. In the current study, \u03949-THC-treated CB1\/CB2 receptor null (CB1\u2212\/\u2212\/CB2\u2212\/\u2212) and wild-type mice infected with PR8 had marked increases in viral H1 mRNA when compared with CB1\u2212\/\u2212\/CB2\u2212\/\u2212 and wild-type mice challenged with PR8 alone. However, the magnitude of the H1 mRNA levels was greatly reduced in CB1\u2212\/\u2212\/CB2\u2212\/\u2212 mice as compared with wild-type mice. In addition, \u03949-THC-treated CB1\u2212\/\u2212\/CB2\u2212\/\u2212 mice infected with PR8 had increased CD4+ T cells and IFN-\u03b3 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid with greater pulmonary inflammation when compared with \u03949-THC-treated wild-type mice infected with PR8. \u03949-THC treatment of CB1\u2212\/\u2212\/CB2\u2212\/\u2212 mice in the presence or absence of PR8 challenge also developed greater amounts of mucous cell metaplasia in the affected bronchiolar epithelium. Collectively, the immune and airway epithelial cell responses to PR8 challenge in \u03949-THC-treated CB1\u2212\/\u2212\/CB2\u2212\/\u2212 and wild-type mice indicated the involvement of CB1\/CB2 receptor-dependent and -independent mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0907618","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,12]],"date-time":"2007-12-12T04:47:19Z","timestamp":1197434839000},"page":"785-796","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Targeted deletion of cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 produced enhanced inflammatory responses to influenza A\/PR\/8\/34 in the absence and presence of \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"John P","family":"Buchweitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan , USA"},{"name":"Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peer W F","family":"Karmaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kurt J","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack R","family":"Harkema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan , USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norbert E","family":"Kaminski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan , USA"},{"name":"Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023033005450706000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-005-9007-x","article-title":"Cannaboinoid-induced immune suppression and modulation of antigen-presenting cells","volume":"1","author":"Klein","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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