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We now address the contributions of IL-5, eotaxin-1, and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to the induction of disease-enhancing immune responses. Depletion of CD4+ T cells during immunization prevented IL-4, IL-13, and eotaxin-1 production, diminished eosinophilia, and reduced weight loss. Conversely, CD8+ T cell depletion did not decrease eosinophilia, weight loss, or type 2 cytokines but did dramatically reduce mucus production and increase eotaxin production. Anti-IL-5 administration at immunization or challenge significantly decreased pulmonary eosinophilia. Strikingly, there were not concomitant decreases in weight loss. Following RSV challenge eotaxin-1-deficient mice immunized with vvGs exhibited significantly less eosinophilia without decreased weight loss or type 2 cytokine production. We conclude CD4+ T cell production of IL-5 and induction of eotaxin-1 are required for vvGs-induced eosinophilia following RSV challenge, while CD8+ T cells appear to down-regulate eotaxin-1 and mucus production. In summary, we demonstrate that pulmonary eosinophilia 1) is a by-product of memory CD4+ T cell activation, 2) does not necessarily correlate with mucus production, and, most importantly, 3) is not required for the RSV G-induced illness in mice. These findings have important implications for the evaluation of candidate RSV vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0907621","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,3]],"date-time":"2008-06-03T00:58:29Z","timestamp":1212454709000},"page":"748-759","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Pulmonary eosinophilia requires interleukin-5, eotaxin-1, and CD4+ T cells in mice immunized with respiratory syncytial virus G glycoprotein"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Teresa R","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc E","family":"Rothenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati, Ohio , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barney S","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023032712470135200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a120955","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus disease in infants despite prior administration of antigenic inactivated vaccine","volume":"89","author":"Kim","year":"1969","journal-title":"Am. 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