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Access to highly purified HMGB1 preparations from prokaryotic and eukaryotic sources enabled studies of activation of human PBMC or synovial fibroblast cultures in response to HMGB1 alone or after binding to cofactors. HMGB1 on its own could not induce detectable IL-6 production. However, strong enhancing effects on induction of proinflammatory cytokine production occurred when the protein associated with each of the separate proinflammatory molecules, rhIL-1\u03b2, the TLR4 ligand LPS, the TLR9 ligand CpG-ODN, or the TLR1-TLR2 ligand Pam3CSK4. The bioactivities were recorded in cocultures with preformed HMGB1 complexes but not after sequential or simultaneous addition of HMGB1 and the individual ligands. Individual A-box and B-box domains of HMGB1 had the ability to bind LPS and enhance IL-6 production. Heat denaturation of HMGB1 eliminated this enhancement. Cocultures with HMGB1 and other proinflammatory molecules such as TNF, RANKL, or IL-18 did not induce enhancement. HMGB1 thus acts broadly with many but not all immunostimulatory molecules to amplify their activity in a synergistic manner.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0908548","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,30]],"date-time":"2009-06-30T01:39:30Z","timestamp":1246325970000},"page":"655-662","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":249,"title":["The alarmin HMGB1 acts in synergy with endogenous and exogenous danger signals to promote inflammation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Hulda Sigridur","family":"Hreggvidsdottir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Research Unit, Karolinska Hospital, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Therese","family":"\u00d6stberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Woman and Child Health, Pediatric Unit, Astrid Lindgren Children\u2019s Hospital, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi","family":"W\u00e4h\u00e4maa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Research Unit, Karolinska Hospital, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Schierbeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Woman and Child Health, Pediatric Unit, Astrid Lindgren Children\u2019s Hospital, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann-Charlotte","family":"Aveberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Woman and Child Health, Pediatric Unit, Astrid Lindgren Children\u2019s Hospital, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lena","family":"Klevenvall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Woman and Child Health, Pediatric Unit, Astrid Lindgren Children\u2019s Hospital, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Palmblad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Woman and Child Health, Pediatric Unit, Astrid Lindgren Children\u2019s Hospital, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Ottosson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Woman and Child Health, Pediatric Unit, Astrid Lindgren Children\u2019s Hospital, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulf","family":"Andersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Woman and Child Health, Pediatric Unit, Astrid Lindgren Children\u2019s Hospital, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena Erlandsson","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Research Unit, Karolinska Hospital, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023032913105434100_jlb0655-cit-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3083.2001.00973.x","article-title":"Introduction to the series. 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